DEVELOPMENT OF AN ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF ILLICIT DRUGS IN SURFACE WATERS ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE RECIFE-OLINDA CARNIVAL
Illicit drugs, surface water, solid phase extraction, analytical method validation and GC/MS analysis.
The high drug consumption during festive periods, combined with the limited removal of drugs
of abuse in wastewater treatment plant and the direct discharge of domestic effluent into rivers,
can result in the release of drugs of abuse (DOA) into aquatic environments. In this study, a
multi-analyte method was developed to determine the six analytes cocaine (COC),
methamphetamine (METH), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and the
metabolites benzoylecgonine (BE), cocaethylene (COE) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) in surface water from the Beberibe and Tejipió rivers. The
sample preparation method was optimized using a full factorial design of 2 3 to evaluate the
parameters of sample volume, conditioning/elution solvent and washing step of the Strata-X
cartridges. Instrumental analysis was conducted using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After optimization, the method was validated for linearity, precision,
accuracy and limit of quantification (LOQ) and applied to 18 surface water samples collected
during Carnival and during non-event periods. COC and BE were detected in 100% of the
samples, with maximum concentrations of 951.6 ng L-¹ and 744.1 ng L-¹, respectively, in the
Beberibe River during Carnival. The metabolite THC-COOH was identified in 72% of the
samples, with a maximum concentration of 177 ng L-¹ during the festive period. MDMA was
quantified in 38% of the samples, with a maximum concentration of 19.3 ng L-¹. The risk
quotient (RQ) analysis indicated that, for most of the substances, there was no considerable risk
to aquatic life. However, RQ values higher than 0.1 were observed for THC-COOH and COC,
suggesting a moderate risk to aquatic organisms. However, RQ values higher than 0.1 were
observed for THC-COOH and COC, suggesting a moderate risk to aquatic organisms, thus
highlighting the importance of monitoring contamination in aquatic systems during festive
events.