Reproduction, Embryo, Morphology, Proteomics.
The objective was to critically review and analyze the main approaches used in in vitro embryo production (IVEP) in small ruminants, with an emphasis on integrating morphological methods and omics analyses such as transcriptomics and proteomics. IVEP in goats and sheep is an essential biotechnology for genetic improvement but faces challenges related to variability in oocyte quality and embryo culture conditions. This study highlights the limitations of traditional morphological evaluation and explores how omics analyses can provide more accurate insights into embryo competence. The integration of these approaches enables more efficient embryo selection, improving success rates in IVEP. Additionally, future perspectives and technological innovations that may contribute to optimizing IVEP protocols and advancing assisted reproduction in small ruminants are discussed, aiming for greater efficiency and sustainability.