Do I exist in textbooks? An analysis of gender non-binary issues
Education; gender; identity; language; non-binary; performativity.
This work aims to understand and map how gender is presented within Portuguese language textbooks chosen by Brazil's Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) in 2023 for first-grade elementary school students. The specific focus is to understand the use or erasure of gender non-binary identities within these materials. This topic arose from a personal experience as a non-binary person who is a parent and a teacher, but it shifts to explore a path toward the visibility of gender-nonconforming people within the school community, especially in the totemic pedagogical element that is the textbook. Through the theories of Judith Butler (2003; 2024) with her idea of gender performativity and the phantasmatic shadow generated in society by hegemonic thought, the research shows the prevailing gender binary within educational institutions as reflected in textbooks. Beyond gender as performative, I also seek to observe gender as identity through the studies of Stuart Hall (2006) on fragmented postmodern identity. Guacira Lopes Louro (2014) brings together performative and identity-based thinking in the school environment, offering theoretical support to understand the lack of inclusion of non-binary identities as a whole in the classroom. The discourses of Fairclough's Critical Discourse Analysis (2001) show how gender presented in schools aligns with hegemonic power and fosters a maintenance of the current power structure, partly through the gender phantom presented by Butler. Therefore, I aim here to unravel the nuances that either include or exclude non-binary identities in a small, yet significant, part of the educational system.