The objective was to develop a nanoemulsion of essential oils rich in limonene and to evaluate the influence of their addition to the ovine semen freezing extender on sperm cells. From the emulsification process by means of agitation, an oil-in-water (O/A) nanoemulsion was obtained using citrus essential oils of Sicilian lemon (Citrus limon; NEA) and wild orange (Citrus sinensis; NEB) separately, with soy lecithin as surfactant (LS). For formulation, in the aqueous phase the LS was hydrated in ultrapure water at a concentration of 5% (v/v) in a water bath at 37 °C for at least 60 minutes, and then homogenized at 500 rpm for at least 20 minutes. The oil phase was added to aqueous (1%; v/v) in the form of a slow drip under continuous agitation at 500 rpm. Then, the emulsions were kept under agitation at 1500 rpm for 24 hours to obtain a nanoemulsion and stored under refrigeration until their use. For freezing, ejaculates of six breeders were harvested, evaluated and submitted to the formation of pools (n=7). Then, samples were diluted in Tris-egg yolk (TGO) dilutor for freezing enriched with nanoemulsion at different concentrations (0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5%) at the final concentration of 200 x 106 /mL spermatozoa. The samples were filled in straws (0.25 mL), frozen in an automated system and stored in liquid nitrogen (-196 °C). Then, the samples were thawed in a water bath (37 °C/30 sec) and processed for analysis of sperm kinematics (CASA), plasma and acrosome membrane integrity (iMPA) and mitochondrial membrane potential (PMM) parameters by fluorescence microscopy. For all experimental groups, MT was ≥ 30%. In the parameters of sperm kinetics, plasma membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential, no significant difference was observed between the values of the groups supplemented with nanoemulsion (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5%), when compared to the control group. However, the integrity of the acrosome (iAC) showed a significant difference (P>0.05) in the groups treated with NEA at concentrations 2.5 and 3.5% and in all groups of NEB (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5%), thus presenting increase when compared to the control group. It is concluded that the addition of the nanoemulsions of citrus essential oils of Sicilian lemon and wild orange to the freezing extender of sheep semen preserves the integrity of the acrosome membrane of the sperm cells after thawing.

Autism Spectrum Disorder is considered one of the most serious childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Its main characteristics are impairment of social interaction, communication and behavioral skills. Treatment is based on a multidisciplinary team and, in some cases, the use of medications to control specific symptoms. Treatment proposals with cannabidiol are increasingly being highlighted. Its difficult access has aroused curiosity for other active ingredients that may respond in a similar way, such as Copaíba and Breu Branco essential oils. The study proposed to describe auditory behavior and evaluate the effects on the central nervous system of Wistar rats exposed to valproic acid during pregnancy and treated with copaiba essential oil and white rosin. To this end, copaíba essential oil (50 mg/kg) and breu blanco essential oil (100 mg/kg), commercial TERRA® products, were used, administered via gavage, for 30 consecutive days. For the induction of autism, pregnant rats received 600 mg/kg of valproic acid diluted in saline solution intraperitoneally on the 13th day of the prenatal period according to the experimental model described in the literature. As a result of the integrative review, it was verified that both questionnaires and hearing exams can be used in children and adolescents with ASD, and there is no standardization for the assessment of auditory hypersensitivity. The auditory behavior it was found that animals with autism showed auditory hypersensitivity mainly to frequencies of 2,000 and 4,000Hz. In relation to the nervous system, animals exposed to valproic acid showed tail breakage, delayed eye opening and a decrease in side-to-side cranial measurement in postnatal development. In relation to behavioral tests, the animals showed more stereotypy, with a significant increase in the burying of glass spheres, spending longer time in the closed part of the elevated plus maze and a significant decrease in social interaction. The groups treated with copaiba oil and white rosin oil showed oxidative and nitrosative stress and a significant decrease in the number of glial cells and live neurons in the hippocampus. Therefore, it is understood that copaíba and breu blanco essential oils are not indicated for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder.

The Caatinga is a unique biome with characteristics that allow for the development of plant species with therapeutic potential. Many of these species are used in folk medicine, especially in the northeastern hinterland. With the aim of providing chemical information and contributing to in-depth knowledge of medicinal species from the caatinga, the present study aimed to evaluate biological activities and metabolomics in extracts from different parts of silk pine (Jatropha mutabilis), juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro), Cambão imburana (Commiphora leptophloeos) and Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) as well as reviewing studies related to this topic. To this end, a scientific article entitled “Metabolomic analysis and biological activity in extracts of bark, stems and leaves of J. mutabilis” was created, and a systematic review entitled “Curative effect of medicinal plant extracts in Northeast Brazil: a systematic review on phytochemistry and preclinical studies”. As future results, it is expected to finalize tests on the metabolomics and biological activities of other species. For each of the species, the main compounds responsible for discrimination between plant segments by 1H and 13C NMR will be identified using one- and two-dimensional techniques. A collagen-based film will be produced, characterized and incorporated with the crude ethanolic extract of the most promising plant species and part, with the aim of evaluating the healing activity in vivo. Therefore, the present study becomes relevant for bringing important information about the chemical composition of Caatinga species, using analytical methodologies associated with chemometrics to investigate similarity between segments and possible variations in this composition throughout the seasonality, seeking to propose a more sustainable extractivism by using parts that are less harmful to the development of the species in accordance with the chemical similarity and biological activity of the extracts, in order to contribute to the rational use of medicinal plants and guide further chemical, biological and pharmacological studies.

Oil spills that occur during tank filling are the main causes of the accumulation of petroleum derivatives in the environment. Thus, the application of natural agents contributes to economic gains for industries and innovation for science. In this sense, the surfactant properties of the biosurfactant from the yeast Starmerella bombicola ATCC 222214 were investigated, as well as its stability at different pH levels, temperatures and NaCl concentrations. The ecotoxicity of the surfactant was studied for bioindicators such as Brassica oleracea, Solanum lycopersicum and Artemia salina. In addition, its application in the removal of environmental pollutants in sand and seawater, in the inhibition of metal corrosion and in the formulation of an ecological biodegreaser was evaluated. The medium selected for the production of the surfactant was formulated with 2.0% potato flour, 5.0% residual canola oil and 0.2% urea in mineral medium. The selected culture conditions were agitation speed of 200 rpm, fermentation time of 180 hours and inoculum of 4.0%. The production yield of isolated biosurfactant was 7.714 g/L and the emulsification rate of OCB1 heavy oil and engine oil was 65.55% and 95.0%, respectively, indicating affinity of the microbial surfactant for the oils. The stability tests of the microbial surfactant demonstrated a variation in surface tension from 27.14 to 31.08 mN/m for all conditions tested. The Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC) was 2.0 g/L with a surface tension at that point of 33.26 mN/m. The biosurfactant is composed of 6,6-dimethoxy-octanoic and nonanedioic acids and is nontoxic to the bioindicators tested. Furthermore, the surfactant removed 98.25% and 94.39% of hydrophobic contaminants, respectively, in soil and seawater, acted satisfactorily as a marine bioremediation agent and effectively inhibited metal corrosion, reducing the mass loss of the specimens by 17.38%. The innovative biodegreaser was formulated with the biosurfactant at half the CMC, 10% natural solvent, 1.5% fatty alcohol, 0.7% stabilizing gum, 0.2% preservative and water. This product was able to remove approximately 99% of heavy oil from different surfaces, in addition to presenting long-term stability, reduced toxicity, corrosion inhibition and superior efficiency to commercial degreasers in cleaning metal parts. The tensoactive under study has clearly demonstrated its potential for application as a biotechnological additive for environmental remediation processes and for maintaining the cleanliness of the industrial environment, ensuring efficiency and sustainability in the removal of hydrophobic contaminants, suggesting economic gains for industries in different segments in the country.

Sea asparagus, Salicornia neei, a halophyte plant native to Brazil, is widely known for its use in human nutrition as green salt, in addition to presenting important secondary metabolites with antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumor properties, which constitute it as a functional plant. However, agricultural producers find it difficult to finance Salicornia, due to losses during cultivation and the complexity of finding them on the market. Therefore, to increase the use of S. neei as food, biotechnological strategies involving plant productivity are suggested. In this sense, investigations are carried out with the aim of expanding knowledge on active biomolecules of nutritional importance in S. neei, as well as evaluating the influence of the biopolymer chitosan as a rooting inducer. Initial studies were carried out evaluating the content of minerals and pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) in the fresh aerial part of the plant. Then, S. neei extracts were prepared with organic solvents (milli-q water, ethanol and ethanol - acetone 1:1), using different parts of the plant (leaf, stem and root), performing a physicochemical characterization and action antioxidant and antimicrobial. For antioxidant activity, the DPPH free radical method was used, antimicrobial activity by the disk diffusion method using bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Candida albicans, C. guilliermondii, C .tropical). The chitosan polysaccharide with degrees of deacetylation above 90% was obtained from chitin extracted from shrimp exoskeleton residues (body and head), applying a new and efficient methodology described in the Patent application (BR102024002181-9). in use as a rooting inducer in Salicornia neei described in the patent application (BR1020240026187). The results obtained with S. neei, demonstrated a higher content of sodium (6.70%) and potassium (13.96%), in smaller quantities N, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Mn. The extracted pigments were inspired by Chlorophyll B (4.76 mg/g), Chlorophyll A (2.95 mg/g) and Carotenoids (2.42 mg/g). The solvent system with the highest solubility of active molecules with antioxidant activity was ethanol - acetone (1:1), providing the highest antioxidant activity 97% for the stem, at a concentration of 24 mg/mL. Therefore, studies carried out with S. neEi extracts demonstrated promising results with nutritional composition, biomolecules with antioxidant and antimicrobial action, corroborating the reports described in the literature. Furthermore, the degree of deacetylation extracted from shrimp was the highest ever described in the literature and thus constitutes a new effective methodology and quality bioproduct. The application of this bioproduct produced favorable results as a rooting inducer in Salicornia neei, enabling propagation and future applications in other cultivars, thus exploring the use of the biopolymer chitosan as a biostimulant for plant growth and rooting

HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase) is the ratelimiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Among its inhibitory molecules, statins stand out as a class of drugs widely used in the treatment of atherosclerosis and in reducing elevated cholesterol levels, becoming essential for the primary and
secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. In addition, they exhibit significant pleiotropic effects, which makes HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors strategic products that should be produced nationally to strengthen the development of the national health industrial complex. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biotechnological potential of Aspergillus niger UCP 1064 in the coproduction of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
and bioemulsifier through submerged fermentation using starch and cassava wastewater (manipueira) as alternative substrates. For biomolecule identification, a bioassay was performed as a screening method, followed by UV-visible spectrophotometry and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and subsequent purification steps. The results indicated a production of 243.60 μg/mL and a yield of 1.91 g/L of statins, demonstrating that starch and manipueira are ideal substrates for the coproduction of statins and surfactants. The surfactant showed a surface tension (ST) of 49.4 mN/m and an emulsion index (EI24) of 95.25%. The statin exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as yeasts, highlighting its high potential in addressing the challenge of antimicrobial multiresistance. Cytotoxic analysis revealed a low hemolytic effect (6.47% and α-hemolysis). These results demonstrate that A. niger UCP 1064 is a promising strain, and that the tested substrates are viable, low-cost alternatives for the coproduction of statins and bioemulsifier with strong potential for pharmaceutical industry applications.

The present study aimed to produce and characterize fermented coffee through spontaneous fermentation and to evaluate the effects of enzymatic treatment using pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus on solid-state fermentation of coffee. A bibliometric analysis identified Brazil as the country with the largest number of scientific articles published in the area. In addition, international collaboration networks and research trends focused on coffee fermentation were identified. The fermentation process consisted of the SIAF (Self-induced Anaerobic Fermentation) method, where the coffee was stored in closed containers and monitored over 20 days. The parameters pH, total soluble solids and reducing sugars stabilized between the 4th and 8th day of fermentation, and the peak of enzymatic activity (1.007 ± 0.06 U.mL-1) was observed on the eighth day. The highest values of phenolic compounds (50.46 ± 0.04 mg GAE.g-1) and the highest antioxidant activities against DPPH (2772.66 ± 20.1 μM trolox.g-1) and ABTS (2948.93 ± 3.4 μM trolox.g-1) radicals were observed on the fourth day. 52 compounds were distributed among pyrazines, furans, acids, aldehydes and alcohols, with a more diversified volatile profile on the tenth day of fermentation. For enzymatic treatment, the grains were subjected to an enzymatic solution applied by spraying and subsequently subjected to the SIAF method for 120 hours. An inverse relationship was observed between the increase in enzyme concentration and the levels of reducing sugars, volatile compounds and antioxidant activity, while pectin lyase activity was higher in grains treated with more concentrated solutions (10 U.mL-1). The highest concentration of caffeine (722.09 ± 3.7 mg.100 g-1) was found in grains treated with 5 U.mL-1 after 72 hours of fermentation, while trigonelline (1028.75 ± 31.4 mg.100 g-1) and 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5CQA) (423.46 ± 40.3 mg.100 g-1) were more expressive in unfermented grains. The volatile profile showed a positive relationship with the increase in enzyme concentration, with the beans treated with 10 U.mL-1 exhibiting a more diversified profile in the first 24 hours of fermentation. Based on the results, the spontaneous fermentation time can be reduced by half of the twenty days usually applied on the farm and the enzymatic treatment showed promise in modulating the chemical composition of coffee, with the enzyme spraying technique emerging as an emerging technology capable of improving coffee bioprocessing.

The high consumption of textiles and packaging driven by globalization generates excess purchases and discards, resulting in waste and pollution, especially of non-biodegradable polymers. The involvement of new designers seeks to promote conscious trends. Microbial cellulose, obtained by bacterial fermentation, emerges as a sustainable alternative, enabling the production of environmentally friendly packaging and textiles, combating environmental challenges linked to excessive consumption. The study addresses the future of fashion and biotextiles, highlighting the potential of Bacterial Cellulose (BC) for vegan, naturally dyed and water-resistant leather, and for sustainable packaging reinforced with sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The BC production process used in the research involves the fermentation of a culture medium based on Camellia sinensis by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts (SCOBY). For the manufacture of the biotextile, BC was used to produce the surfaces and the dyeing involved the use of natural plant-based dyes extracted from Allium cepa L., Punica granatum and Eucalyptus globulus L, in addition to the waterproofing was done with extracts of Melaleuca alternifolia and Copernicia prunifera. In the process of sustainable packaging composed of BC and SCB, an innovative method of fragmentation and reconstitution was used that avoids the waste of biomass. After production, the characteristics of the materials were analyzed, for the biotextile the results confirmed that the biomaterial has high tensile strength (maximum: 247.21±16.52 N) and the contact angle with the water was 83.96°, indicating a low interaction of water with the material. On the other hand, for the packaging, especially the 0.7 BC/0.3 SCB compound, they showed considerable tensile strength, reaching 46.22 MPa, almost three times higher than that of pure SCB (17.43 MPa), in addition to having excellent flexibility. The surface was also examined by scanning electron microscopy, revealing fibers with a diameter of 83.18 nm (BC), with greater adhesion after the reconstitution process and, consequently, greater tear resistance compared to SCB in its pure form. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of BC for the development of new durable, vegan and water-resistant fashion products, as well as sustainable packaging, proving its versatility and importance to the market.

The textile industry is one of the largest polluters of water bodies, with the release of effluents loaded with toxic dyes affecting aquatic and terrestrial biota. Conventional treatments are not effective at removing these contaminants, and their inadequacy leads to the persistence of harmful pollutants in the environment. Bioremediation, particularly with fungi like Aspergillus, offers a promising solution, being more efficient and sustainable in dye removal, thereby reducing environmental impact. This study explored the potential of Aspergillus fungi in decolorizing textile dyes. The first chapter provides a scientometric analysis of articles indexed in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, revealing 174 documents over 26 years, indicating that while the topic is academically recognized, there is a low publication rate. Research has primarily focused on decolorization through biosorption and biodegradation, highlighting Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, along with a growing trend in the use of lignolytic enzymes and combined methods. Based on the data, trends and knowledge gaps were identified, which can guide future research. Chapter 2 follows a similar review approach but with a systematic methodology. This review addressed the potential of these fungi, evaluating mechanisms, optimizations, and the influence of physical-chemical and biological conditions. The search included PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct, where 25 research articles were assessed. Twelve Aspergillus species were described in dye decolorization, with azo and anthraquinone being the main classes remediated, achieving decolorization rates above 85%. Biodegradation was the primary mechanism identified, with laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and glucose oxidase as key enzymes. Chapter 3 concerns the decolorization of the tetra azo dye Direct Black 22 (DB22) using 15 Aspergillus strains. Aspergillus japonicus URM 5620, Aspergillus niger URM 5741, and Aspergillus niger URM 5838 were the most effective. Biomass, even without pelletization, efficiently removed the dye, with live biomass being 59% more effective than dead biomass. Decolorization was effective with 1g of biomass, removing over 90% of the dye in less than 60 minutes, and completely with 5g in 10 minutes. Biomass was successfully reused for three cycles, with A. niger URM 5741 being the most resistant. All decolorizations were completed within 2 hours, fully removing the dye under optimal conditions. Lastly, Chapter 4 applied Aspergillus tamarii Kita UCP 1279 biomass for decolorizing DB22, aiming to characterize the biomass for industrial applications. The best conditions for decolorization were pH 4, 30°C, 25-125 mg/L dye, and 3g biomass, achieving decolorization rates above 90%. Kinetic and isothermal modeling indicated that biosorption follows the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir isotherm, suggesting monolayer chemisorption. Structural characterization revealed that binding sites are suitable for adsorbing anionic dyes like DB22. The biomass decolorized 67.12% of the dye solution after 5 consecutive cycles. The dye was partially desorbed by alkaline eluents, allowing for complete recycling of both the biomass and the dye. These results show that Aspergillus is not only efficient in removing toxic dyes but also serves as a viable, ecological, and promising solution for mitigating the impact of the textile industry on ecosystems.

The species Momordica charantia, popularly known as melon-de-São-Caetano or bitter melon, is a climbing plant from the Cucurbitaceae family. Originally from tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, this species is widely used in traditional medicine due to its therapeutic properties. This work aims to evaluate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia leaves (EEMc) on the respiratory system of rodents. EEMc was characterized using thin layer chromatography (TLC), liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array (HPLC-DAD). Then, acute and subchronic toxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the safety of the extract. To investigate the effects on the respiratory system, tests were performed on cough induced by citric acid in mice, expectorant
activity using phenol red marker in bronchoalveolar lavage, antipyretic activity induced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, antiasthmatic activity induced by ovalbumin and bronchodilator effect on isolated rings of trachea. The EEMc presented anthraquinones and saponins as the most abundant classes of metabolites in the extract, in addition to alkaloids, phenolic compounds, coumarins, anthracene derivatives, lignans, hydrolysable tannins, mono, sesqui and diterpenes in the CCD analysis. The flavonoids isoquercetin and astragalin were identified by LC-MS and HPLC-DAD. Administration of a single dose of 2000mg/kg of EEMc resulted in hepatomegaly in mice of both sexes, as well as a significant increase in body mass in females. However, no cases of mortality were observed in any of the tested groups, indicating that the LD50 of EEMc is greater than 2000mg/kg. When evaluating the subchronic toxicity of EEMc at doses of 30, 100 and 300mg/kg, no significant changes were
observed in body and organometric parameters, as well as in the biochemical, hematological and behavioral profiles of the animals. EEMc showed expectorant activity at a dose of 300mg/kg, facilitating the elimination of respiratory secretions. At doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg, it presented anti-asthmatic properties, evidenced by the reduction of eosinophilia, and antitussive effects, attenuating the induced cough. The extract was effective in reducing body temperature at all doses tested (30, 100 and 300mg/kg). Furthermore, EEMc showed a significant relaxing effect on tracheal rings, possibly mediated by the modulation of K+ channels and nitric oxide, suggesting a bronchodilator potential. These results indicate that EEMc has a promising multifunctional profile for the treatment of respiratory disorders. 

Detection of DNA by electrophoresis is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories. Ethidium bromide (EB) is frequently used as a fluorescent DNA probe in agarose gel electrophoresis. However, EB is mutagenic, requiring special handling, transportation, and disposal conditions, which increases its usage cost. In this context, the research of new DNA fluorescent probes with lower health and environmental toxicity risks is necessary. This study aimed to synthesize, establish the molecular structure, and evaluate the applicability of new naphthoxazoles derived from naphthoquinone of plant origin as fluorescent DNA probes. The compounds were obtained by semi-synthesis using lapachol as the starting reagent via the DebusRadziszewski reaction in a one-pot process. The structures of the naphthoxazoles were elucidated through the combined analysis of 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra. The naphthoxazoles were evaluated for DNA interaction by UV–Vis spectroscopy. DNA binding studies were conducted by monitoring changes in the absorption properties of the naphthoxazoles in the absence and presence of CTDNA at different concentrations in a 5% DMSO/Tris-HCl buffer medium (pH 7.4). The results of this study showed that the proposed naphthoxazoles exhibit DNA interaction behavior, evidenced by changes in the absorption properties of these compounds in response to increasing DNA concentrations. The results suggest that naphthoxazoles interact with DNA by external contact, specifically by groove binding. These findings indicate that naphthoxazoles are potential candidates for use as fluorescent DNA probes.

Genipa americana L. is popularly known as jenipapo and has phytotherapeutic potential with various pharmacological activities. Granules are a simple and useful pharmaceutical form for obtaining herbal medicines in solid form and have the advantage of protecting the herbal extract from bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was therefore to carry out characterisation studies on Genipa americana extract and its granules in order to assess their phytochemical, physicochemical and thermal properties. Firstly, the plant drug was characterised using physicochemical tests such as determination of the swelling index, ash, foreign matter and foam, granulometry and humidity. The crude extract of Genipa americana leaves was obtained by maceration with ethanol. A total of four granules were obtained using the wet granulation process. Phytochemical characterisation was carried out using total phenol and total flavonoid content and DPPH, FRAP and MDA assays. Physico-chemical characterisation was carried out using SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis, dissolution profile and UFCL-DAD/UV analysis. Thermal characterisation was carried out using the TG technique. A cytotoxicity test was also carried out on the extract using cell viability. The characterisation of the plant drug was as recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, with humidity of 10.31%, total ash of 5.93%, absence of foreign matter, swelling index of 2.5 mL/g and foam index of less than 100. The crude extract of Genipa americana and its granules showed the presence of iridoids (genipin and geniposides), flavonoids and phenolic compounds and genipin derivatives after the hydrolysis experiment using HPLC-DAD/UV. The DPPH assay showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 207.07 μg/mL for the Genipa americana extract and 198.34 to 298.71 μg/mL for the Genipa americana granules. The FRAP test showed a good ability to reduce the Iron III-TPZ complex to Iron II-TPZ with values between 1092-1532 μM ferrous sulphate/g, also explained by the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The intrinsic maloaldehyde (MDA) test showed acceptable levels, similar to those in scientific literature. SEM analysis showed granules with a morphology and particle size that characterise them as microparticles. FTIR analysis showed similarity between the identification bands of the crude Genipa americana granules and the pharmaceutical excipients. The dissolution profiles of the Genipa americana granules showed characteristics of highly water-soluble pharmaceutical compositions with total release of the genipin marker between 30 and 60 minutes. The moisture content of the Genipa americana granules ranged from 4.27 to 11.6 per cent according to thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, the crude extract of G. americana leaves showed low toxicity. The granules indicated greater protection and stability for the Genipa americana extract in these pharmaceutical formulations. The wet granulation process proved to be suitable and low-cost for Genipa americana extract. The moisture content of the granules can cause variability in the genipin content, which should be stored in a suitable environment and packaging.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the addition of medium and low molecular weight carboxymethylchitosan (CQ) on the quality of equine semen after freezing/thawing. Two experiments were carried out, one QC of medium molecular weight (Exp. 1; CQm) and the other with low molecular weight CQ (Exp. 2; CQb). For each experiment, 5 ejaculates of 4 stallions (n= 20) were obtained, being collected twice a week. The samples were diluted (200 x 10⁹) in Botucrio^®, supplemented with CQ, according to the experimental group: 0 (control), 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mg/mL. After leakage in straws (0.5 mL), the samples were submitted to freezing and storage at -196°C.  After thawing (37°C 30s), the samples from each group were analyzed for kinetics in the CASA system, as well as intact plasma membrane (iPM), intact acrosome (iAC), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) under epifluorescence microscope. Exp. 1: The addition of 0.75 mg/mL of CQm did not result in a significant difference (P > 0.05) in TM and VCL, in relation to the control group, but the groups treated with 1.5 and 3 mg/mL of CQm presented lower values (P < 0.05) than the control group. The RAP, VSL and VAP parameters showed no difference (P > 0.05) between the control group and the groups treated with 0.75 and 1.5 mg/mL of CQm, but the values were higher (P < 0.05) than those observed in the group treated with 3 mg/mL of CQm. Regarding the WOB, the control group presented a higher level (P < 0.05) than the groups treated with 1.5 and 3 mg/mL of CQm. Lower percentages of iAC (P < 0.05) were found in the samples of the group treated with 3 mg/mL of CQm. The iMP and PMM parameters did not differ (P > 0.05) between groups. Exp. 2: TM and MP showed no difference (P > 0.05) of the control group with the group treated with 0.75 mg/mL of CQb, but the groups treated with 1.5 mg/mL and 3 mg/mL of Qb presented lower values (P < 0.05) to the control group. While the parameters of VCL, VSL and VAP, at the concentration of 1.5 mg/mL of CQb, presented lower results (P < 0.05), when compared to the control group. The LIN and WOB parameters showed lower values (P < 0.05) in the group treated with 3 mg/mL of CQb, in relation to the control group. The parameters STR, BCF and ALH showed no difference (P > 0.05) between groups. Regarding iMP, the group treated with 3 mg/mL of CQb showed lower percentages (P < 0.05) than the control group, while the iAC and MMP showed no difference (P > 0.05) between groups. It was concluded that both medium and low molecular weight carboxymethylchitosan, at concentrations of 0.75, 1.5 and 3 mg/mL, do not preserve the sperm parameters of garanhōes after freezing/thawing.

Spills occurring during the exploration, refining, distribution, and storage of fuels and lubricants are the main contributors to the accumulation of petroderivatives in the environment. These compounds possess mutagenic, carcinogenic, immunotoxic, and teratogenic properties, causing a drastic alteration in the microbiological, chemical, and physical properties of water and soil, posing a serious risk to human health and inflicting irreparable damage to the environment. The rapid application of a set of physical and biological techniques and operations is necessary to minimize the extent of environments that can be used to damage the environment. Choice as other specific by-products for compatible, efficient soil treatment and a likely selection attempt, as the resulting products are usually derived from toxicity and causing problems. Therefore, green surfactants, i.e. two biobased surfactants, identified as biobased 1 and biobased 2, obtained by chemical synthesis, and a microbial surfactant produced by the Starmerella bombicola ATCC 22214 yeast were used as soil remediation agents and were compared to a synthetic surfactant (Tween 80). Three surfactants were tested for their ability to emulsify, disperse and remove hydrophobic contaminants. The biosurfactant, which was able to reduce the surface tension of water to 32.30 mN/m at a Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of 0.65 g/L, was used to prepare a commercial formulation, which showed less toxicity to the bioindicators tested and greater oil dispersion capacity compared to the biobased surfactants. All green surfactants resemble different emulsions, mainly with motor oil and petroleum and regarding the potential to remove motor oil adsorbed on soil types (sandy, silty and clayey and beach sand) in kinetic experiments (bottles) and static (packed columns). The commercial biosurfactant removed the contaminant especially in the sand beach (80.0± ± 0.14%) under static and kinetics conditions then the biobased surfactant 1. In kinetic experiments, commercial biosurfactant and biobased surfactant 2 were able to remove more motor oil from all tested soils than biobased surfactant 1. Finally, the commercial biosurfactant was tested as a soil bioremediation agent. In removal experiments carried
out in soils contaminated with oil from quasi-enriched sugarcane molasses, the removal of the oil reached 90% after 60 days in the presence of the commercial biosurfactant, while it did not exceed 20% of removal in the presence of only S. bombicola cells. The green surfactants were tested for the removal of hydrophobic contaminants from soil using a Mobile Soil Remediation System (MSRS) developed with 3D printing technology. Under optimized conditions, the commercial biosurfactant allowed the removal of 92.4% of the motor oil adsorbed in the sand. The results obtained contribute to the development of green technologies for the treatment of hydrophobic pollutants with economic benefits for the oil industry.

Co-cultivation with microalgae has been a sustainable and promising alternative for the production of biomass and several metabolites of industrial importance. In this sense, studies were carried out with the potential of the axenic culture of the filamentous fungus Mucor circinelloides UCP 0018, as well as, in co-cultivation with the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 1803, in the transformation of the alternative substrates cornocine and crude glycerol in the production of biosurfactant and lipids. , considering complementarity in the metabolism of these microorganisms as a promising strategy. The bioproducts were obtained in a production medium containing agro-industrial residues crude glycerol (9%) and corncin (9%), incubated for 120 h, maintained under constant aeration (peristaltic pump), in static submerged fermentation and room temperature (28oC) . The first stage of the study occurred with the production of biosurfactant by M. circinelloides exhibiting surface tension with a reduction in water from 72 to 29.7 mN/m. Furthermore, the biosurfactant demonstrated an efficient ability to form an emulsion, with an emulsification index (EI24) of 98% with burned engine oil. The preliminary analysis showed a polymeric nature of the biosurfactant, consisting of 55.7% carbohydrates, 28.2% lipids and 16.1% proteins. The biomolecule exhibited anionic character and a critical micelle dilution (CMD) of 50%. Additionally, the biosurfactant was stable at different temperatures, pH and NaCl concentrations. Continuing, studies were directed towards the production of biosurfactant from the cocultivation of M. circinelloides and C. vulgaris. The biosurfactant produced was identified as a glycolipid, exhibiting a composition of 46.1% carbohydrates and 53.9% lipids, with a notable ability to reduce surface tension, from 72 to 28.1 mN/m, critical micelle concentration. (CMC) of 1.25 g/L, anionic character and yield of 3.89 g/L. The bioproducts were evaluated for ecological safety and toxicity tests using Daphnia magna and Artemia sp., as well as in inducing germination of cabbage seeds (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). The results indicated no toxic effects, suggesting that the biosurfactant produced in co-culture is ecologically friendly and has potential for application in several areas of knowledge, especially in agriculture. The final investigations were directed towards the production of lipids by both microorganisms C. vulgaris, grown in modified Bold medium produced 1.315 g/L of biomass which accumulated with 72% total lipids. M. circinelloides, when cultivated in crude glycerol (9%) and corncin (9%), accumulated 20.438 g/L of biomass and 69% of total lipids. In the process of associating these microorganisms in co-culture, 24.9 g/L of biomass and 72% of lipids were produced under static fermentation. Regarding lipid composition, M. circinelloides presented saturated (14.41%), monounsaturated (7.58%) and polyunsaturated (78.01%) fatty acids, highlighting the potential in omega 6 (linoleic acid, C18: 2) and omega 3 (alpha-linolenic acid, C18:3). C. vulgaris revealed high potential for the production of omega 6 (arachidonic acid, C20:4). The lipids produced in co-culture presented FAM=14.22% and PUFA=85.78%, being promising in omega 6 (linoleic and gamma-linolenic acids) and omega 3 (alpha-linolenic acid). The promising results obtained demonstrated the high value and sustainability of bioprocesses in obtaining microbial oils from the co-cultivation of M. circinelloides and C. vulgaris for applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, highlighting the sustainable and ecological production of the future biosurfactant molecule.

Thrombosis is characterized as excessive intravascular coagulation, caused by pathological activation of factors of the blood coagulation cascade, with consequent accumulation of the fibrin molecule, the main protein component of thrombus. The pharmacological agents currently used for the treatment of this disorder have high costs, low specificity for fibrin, and considerable side effects. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are necessary for the effective treatment of thrombosis. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the subacute toxicity of a purified fibrinolytic enzyme produced by the fungus Mucor subtilissimus UCP 1262. For this, the OECD guidelines for testing chemicals, number 407, entitled "Repeated Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents" were followed. We used 50 rats (Rattus novergicus), Wistar variety, randomized into 5 groups (4 test groups and 1 control group), each composed of 10 animals (5 males and 5 females). For 28 days, the test groups were treated with the purified fibrinolytic enzyme, orally (gavage), once a day, diluted in distilled water. The doses were administered in the following concentrations: group 1 (10 mg/Kg), group 2 (20 mg/Kg), group 3 (40 mg/Kg) and group 4 (satellite) (40 mg/Kg). The control group received only distilled water daily. Each animal had its weight measured on the 1st and 29th day of follow-up, as well as evaluation of possible behavioral changes. On the 29th day, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized for subsequent collection of blood material, used for hematological, biochemical, and coagulation analyses. The liver was also collected from the animals for further histomorphometric evaluation. During treatment with the purified fibrinolytic enzyme, no change in the behavioral pattern of the animals was observed. Also, no variations in food and water intake were identified, although significant weight changes were observed in the male animals treated with 20 mg/Kg, 40 mg/Kg and in the satellite group, as well as in the females of the control group, treated with 10 mg/Kg of fibrinolytic enzyme and in the satellite group. Regarding laboratory analyses, a slight reduction in fibrinogen was observed in the females treated with 10 mg/Kg. Regarding the biochemical dosages, a significant reduction in free T3 values was identified. During the necropsy no changes in color, morphology and relative and total weight of the analyzed livers were evidenced. As for the histomorphometric analyses, a reduction in the total number of hepatocytes was observed in the male rats treated with 20 mg/Kg and in the rats treated with 20 mg/Kg and 40 mg/Kg. Another point observed was an increase in the count of endothelial cells in all rats treated with the fibrinolytic enzyme. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the need for further preclinical toxicity studies to obtain more safety in the use of the fibrinolytic enzyme analyzed.

Science has contributed a lot to the advancement of technology and innovation in production processes and their applications. In this context, obtaining cleaning products becomes indispensable in different professional environments, especially in the industrial sector. Industrial plants powered by heavy oil have problems with leaks in different parts of the system, such as during oil transport, lubrication of engines and equipment, and mechanical failures. Most surfactants, surfactants, degreasing agents, and solvents that make up the formulation of detergents commonly used for cleaning grease-covered surfaces are synthetic, non-biodegradable and toxic, posing risks to the environment and the health of workers involved in the process. cleaning process. In this sense, green surfactants, of a biodegradable nature and reduced toxicity, synthesized from renewable raw materials by chemical modification (renewable-based surfactants) or derived from microorganisms (biosurfactants) and plants (vegetable surfactants), have been widely studied to replace chemical surfactants as attractive and efficient solutions in decontamination processes. In this work, initially, strains of the bacteria Pseudomonas cepacia CCT 6659, Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCP 0992, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145 were evaluated as producing biosurfactants in media containing different combinations and types of substrates under different culture conditions. The biosurfactant produced by P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145 grown in a mineral medium composed of 5.0% glycerol and 2.0% glucose was selected to formulate a biodetergent capable of removing heavy oil. The biosurfactant was able to reduce the surface tension of the medium to 26.40 mN/m, with a yield of approximately 12.00 g/L. The biosurfactant emulsified 97.40% and dispersed 98.00% of the engine oil. Then, the biodetergent formulated with 0.5% of the biosurfactant, 20% of natural solvent, 2.0% of fatty alcohol and 0.5% of stabilizing gum was evaluated against the microcrustacean Artemia salina and the seeds of the vegetable Brassica oleracea, demonstrating low toxicity. The detergent was also compared with commercial formulations. The stability of the biodetergent was evaluated for volumetric variations (4 - 10 liters) and stirring times (5 - 10 minutes) at 3200 rpm at 80°C. The long-term stability (365 days) and the removal efficiency of OCB1 fuel oil from floors and metal surfaces were also evaluated. The results showed that the interaction between the processing conditions influenced the final characteristics of the product, with emphasis on the stirring time of 7 minutes, for which approximately 100% stability of the formulation was reached. The biodetergent showed high efficiency, with results of 100% removal of OCB1 oil impregnated on the surfaces. In the last stage, the scale-up of biodetergent production was carried out in an industrial pilot unit of 600 L per batch built based on the improvement of the formulation on a laboratory scale. The biodetergent obtained on a large scale showed biodegradability, absence of toxicity, stability and maximum efficiency in the removal of OCB1 oil (100%) under different application conditions and for different surfaces (metallic, plastic, concrete). In this way, the biodetergent produced was presented as a technological innovation for being a new product, not existing in the market. A preliminary final product cost study demonstrated that the biodetergent is viable for commercial application.

Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds, produced microbially and using renewable substrates, reducing surface and interfacial tension, offering several advantages over synthetic surfactants, such as low toxicity and high biodegradability, and they remain active at extreme pH, temperature and salinity. In this sense, investigations were carried out with the yeast c Issatchenkia orientalis UCP 1603 in the bioconversion of renewable residues (post-frying soybean oil, cassava wastewater and corn) in the production of biosurfactant, applying a Full Factorial Design 23, 10% inoculum, incubated at temperature of 28°C, under orbital agitation of 150rpm, for 72h. The results showed that test 4 (3.5% cornstarch, 6.5% residual soybean oil and 3.5% cassava) showed the greatest reduction in surface tension (29.9mN/m). From the selected condition, studies were carried out with the cultivation of I. orientalis UCP 1603 in Fernbach flasks containing (2 L) of the production medium and 10% of inoculum, incubated at 28°C, 150 rpm for 72 h. The fermentation showed a yield of 4.0242 of biosurfactant recovered by precipitating the cell-free metabolic liquid with 70% ethanol (2:1 v/v). The isolated biosurfactant presented surface tension of 28.7 mN/mm), critical micellar concentration-CMC of 800 mg/L, polypeptide nature, anionic character, high stability under extreme conditions (pH 4-10, salinity 5-25% and temperature 5-100°C) and no toxicity to cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds. Other studies carried out with the biosurfactant isolated from I. orientalis UCP 1603 at a concentration of 10mg/200mL demonstrated its effect in inducing the germination of jucá (Libidibia ferrea) seeds, a plant native to Brazil, well adapted to the semiarid region that presents difficulties in the process of germination. The biosurfactant induced dormancy breaking with the germination of jucá seeds in 10 days, influencing the increase of the root and hypocotyl, demonstrating high biotechnological potential for agriculture. These results constitute a copyright reservation. Furthermore, the submerged fermentation with the bacterium Enterobacter clocae UCP 1597 using the alternative substrate post-frying soybean oil in saline, reduced the surface tension to 30.5 mN/m, interfacial 2.3 mN/m, biosurfactant yield extracted with ethyl acetate was 1.3g/L and CMC of the metabolic liquid was 70%. The biosurfactant showed no toxicity to cabbage seeds (Brassica oleracea). The stability in the range of pH 4-10 and extreme values of temperature and salinity, demonstrated an ionic, halotolerant and thermostable character. The investigations carried out showed the high biotechnological potential of Issatchenkia orientalis UCP 1603 and Enterobacter clocae UCP 1597, respectively, with promising and innovative results that contribute to the future of agrobiotechnology, in addition to demonstrating the need to use the circular bioeconomy in the conversion of agro-industrial waste .

Autism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by impaired communication, social, and cognitive development, in addition to stereotyped behavior and restricted interest of the individual. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a lipophilic cannabinoid, which has pharmacological effects on the central nervous system that can benefit autistic individuals since there is no standard drug treatment available that works with the nuclear changes of the disease. Nanoemulsions are delivery systems that increase the water solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic compounds such as cannabidiol. This study proposed the incorporation of a cannabidiol-rich oil into a nanoemulsion, as well as evaluate the effect of this nanoemulsion on behavioral changes and on testicular morphological changes in an animal model of valproic acid (VPA)-induced autism. For that, formulations (nanoemulsions) with CBD oil in different concentrations were developed and the macroscopic and physicochemical characteristics were evaluated. The nanoemulsions were stable after thermal stress and centrifugation, and showed a droplet size smaller than 200 nm, in addition to a polydispersity index and reduced zeta potential, characterizing their homogeneity. For the induction of autism, rats received 500 mg/kg of valproic acid (VPA) diluted in saline intraperitoneally during the prenatal period, according to the experimental model described in the literature. The behavioral assessment was performed using five behavioral tests in which anxiety, locomotor and exploratory activity, stereotypies, sociability index, and social preference index were evaluated. Animals exposed to VPA during the prenatal period showed an increase in anxiety and stereotypes, and a reduction in exploratory activity, in the sociability index and in the social preference index, behavioral changes were compatible with autism. The analysis of testicular morphometric changes was performed from the analysis of seminiferous tubule morphometry, volumetric density and volume of tubular components, percentage and volume of intertubular components, and stereological and morphometric parameters of Leydig cells. Prenatal exposure to VPA generated an increase in testicular size, diameter, volume, and length of the seminiferous tubules, lumen diameter, tubule somatic index, somatic epithelium index, as well as an increase in the volume of the nucleus and cytoplasm of Leydig cells. . On the other hand, exposure to VPA reduced the height and volumetric density of the epithelium, as well as decreased serum testosterone levels. Treatment with CBD nanoemulsions was effective in reversing both behavioral changes compatible with autism, as well as testicular morphological changes and reduction of testosterone levels generated by prenatal exposure to valproic acid.

The purpose of this study is to associate obesity with oral microbiota profiles in eutrophic, overweight, and obese adolescents. In 2015, the rate of increase in childhood obesity in many countries was greater than the rate of increase in adult obesity, potentially leading to future declines in life expectancy and raising concern about associated health risks. Gut and oral microbiota disturbances have been observed in obese adults and adolescents, pointing to possible obesity-related mechanisms, including increased oxidative stress, low-grade systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance, among other conditions. Recently, a potential relationship between childhood weight gain and oral microbiota has been reported, due to the perceived distinct composition in the oral microbiota of children with higher weight gain. In this work, two stages of experiments were performed, in order to standardize the technique and perform the analyses after identifying the best technique. Unstimulated saliva, mouthwash, oral cytological brushing and oral biofilm were collected, generating 124 samples, 1 for each type of collection per adolescent, to standardize the detection of 16SrRNA gene, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Initially, we tested the primers previously for evaluation of the load of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and 16S rRNA, observing a higher percentage of samples that detected bacterial DNA in the oral biofilm. Then, the oral microbiota composition of 31 adolescents was evaluated, 14 (45.16%) females and 17 (54.84%) males. Among them, two groups were classified by nutritional status as assessed by BMI: eutrophic, making up group E, and overweight and obese, making up group OS, obtaining 9 adolescents (29.03%) for OS and 22 adolescents (70.97%) for group E.  The standardization of the technique showed significance for further experiments, because the bacteria that make up the oral biofilm are quite abundant and colonize different places in the oral cavity, including the teeth. The analysis of bacterial load showed significant influence when associated with weight, where the OS group had the highest number of copies of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in males, while the lowest values of bacteroidetes were found in girls from group E, reaffirming the idea of interaction between metabolism, obesity and these phylos, which indicates the relevance of evaluation and surveillance in oral health to control cases of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents.

The aims of this study were to analyze the effects of rutin on the follicular development after in vitro culture of ovine ovarian tissue and against the ovarian toxicity induced by cisplatin or doxorubicin in mice, and to verify the possible involvement of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, and its members such as Protein kinase B (AKT), phosphatase and tension homolog (PTEN) and forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) in the rutin actions in the ovary of these species. For chapter 1 of this thesis, ovine ovarian fragments were cultured in α-minimum essential medium alone (α-MEM+) or in this medium supplemented with 0.1; 1 or 10 μg/mL rutin (chapter 1) for 7 days. Inhibition of PI3K activity was performed in fragments cultured with LY294002. The following endpoints were analysed: follicle survival, activation and growth of primordial follicles, apoptosis and AKT phosphorylation (p-AKT). The results showed that 1 μg/mL rutin has higher percentage of normal follicles, activation and growth (P<0.05) compared to α-MEM+. After PI3K inhibition, there was a reduction (P<0.05) of follicular survival, activation and growth, as well as of p-Akt immunolocalization. For the in vivo experiment with cisplatin (chapter 2), mice were divided in groups: control, which received orally saline solution (0,15 M); the positive control group received N-acetylcysteine (150 mg/kg body weight, p.o.); the cisplatin group received cisplatin (5 mg/kg body weight, i.p.); and rutin groups received rutin (10, 30 e 50 mg/kg, v.o.) once daily for 3 days. In chapter 3, mice received saline solution (control, 0.15 M, i.p.) or doxorubicin (10 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) or they were pre and postreated with rutin (10, 30 or 50 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) before and after doxorubicin (10 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) once daily for 5 days. At the end of the experiments, the ovaries were collected for evaluation of follicular morphology, apoptosis, cell proliferation, PTEN and FOXO3a phosphorylation (p-PTEN; p-FOXO3a), and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and active mitochondria. The results showed that rutin (10 or 30 mg/kg in chapter 2 and 3, respectively) maintained the normal follicles and cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis and increased GSH levels and mitochondrial activity compared to cisplatin or doxorubicin treatments (P<0.05). Moreover, rutin (10 mg/kg) increased the expression of p-FOXO3a and reduced p-PTEN in relation to cisplatin (chapter 2). In conclusion, rutin promotes primordial follicle activation and reduces apoptosis of preantral follicles after in vitro culture of sheep ovarian tissue. In addition, in mouse, rutin can attenuate the ovarian damage caused by cisplatin and doxorubicin treatment through the PI3K pathway and its members. Thus, it is suggested that rutin can act on the survival and development of ovine primordial follicles and can be used as a therapeutic agent before antineoplastic treatment, promoting its biotechnological potential through the redirection of drugs with the intention of preventing ovarian damage.

Chitosan is a cationic polymer obtained by the deacetylation of chitin, found abundantly in crustacean exoskeletons, used as a biomaterial because it has biological properties of biocompatibility, biodegradability, atoxicity and antimicrobial activity. It has an adsorbent characteristic, being a promising biopolymer for removing contaminating metals present in the desalination waste. In this sense, the objective of this study was to extract chitosan from shrimp residues (Litopenaeus vannamei), characterize and apply in the removal of metals present in the wastewater from the desalination process. Parameters were investigated for the production of chitosan from shrimp exoskeleton residues and evaluation of its application in the process of removing contaminating metals present in desalination waste. The highest chitin yield was 38% through 48 mesh particles. The highest yield of chitosan was 86% with 32 mesh particles. The FTIR bands confirmed the highest degree of deacetylation of 81.01% of 32 mesh particles. According to the factorial design of 23, the best treatment after adsorption by chitosan occurred in condition 4 with no agitation, particle with 48 mesh and pH 8.5, with a reduction in tailings salinity from 5.8 g / L to 5 , 6 g / L, and the conductivity from 12.8 mS ̸ ¢ m to 9.82 mS ̸ ¢ m. The greatest potential for reducing the toxicity of saline waste from the desalinator was observed in condition 6 of the plan with 48 mesh particles, pH 5.0 and 200 rpm agitation, obtaining a germination index of 121.47%. Based on the results, the waste from the desalinator treated with chitosan shows a decrease in salinity and electrical conductivity, does not present toxicity. Thus, chitosan is a stimulating and promising agent in water purification with high salt concentrations and due to its versatile nature as a biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic compound, this biopolymer confirms its promising future in several areas of the industry.

The microorganisms are great producers of diverse metabolites, used in their mechanisms of growth and survival. Fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus are often studied to produce pigments and enzymes and are commonly isolated from lignocellulosic materials available in the environment. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the production of pigments and enzymes by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium, isolated from the Caatinga soil of the State of Pernambuco, cultivated in lignocellulosic material and study the potential use of pigments in the dyeing of textile fibers and paper. At the beginning, different synthetic sources of carbon and nitrogen were evaluated to produce pigments by several strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Of these, the isolated Aspergillus sp. UCP1135 was grown in medium containing xylose and sugarcane bagasse to produce pigments and cellulases. In the assays, the concentrations of the substrates and the initial pH were varied. The best CMCase production was obtained in the test containing xylose (15 g/L) and sugarcane bagasse (5 g/L), at initial pH 9.0. The fungus studied showed yellow pigment when cultivated in media containing higher concentrations of xylose (15 g/L) and sugarcane bagasse (15 g/L), at initial pH 5.0. Aspergillus sp. UCP1135 was also cultured in medium containing wheat bran as a lignocellulosic substrate, varying initial pH and substrate concentration. The fungus presented higher potential for endoglucanase (CMCase) and exoglucanase (FPase) production in medium containing 20g/L of wheat bran at initial pH 9.0. When grown on modified Czapek-Dox medium containing xylose, Aspergillus sp. UCP1135 presented itself as a good producer of violet pigment. From these tests, dyeing tests of different tissue and paper samples were performed, and the best yield (70%) observed in dyeing carried out with cotton samples. Considering the results of this work, it was possible to conclude that Aspergillus sp. UCP 1135 has the potential to use lignocellulosic material as a source of nutrients to produce yellow pigments and cellulases. When using the xylose as substrate, the study showed potential fungus violet pigment production. The application of the pigment produced in the dyeing of materials such as tissue and paper can be a promising alternative of application of these compounds.