The preventive use of antimicrobials in livestock, especially as growth promoters, has raised public health concerns due to the risk of dissemination of resistant bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, to humans. This study aims to investigate indicators of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli in ground beef sold in supermarkets in Recife-PE. Forty samples collected aseptically will be analyzed and submitted to bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion on Muller Hinton agar. Colonies will be identified on EMB agar, with subsequent analysis of resistance profiles to antibiotics commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, including beta-lactams, quinolones and aminoglycosides. Samples positive for ESBL production will be subjected to DNA extraction and analysis by conventional PCR. It is expected to evaluate the frequency of resistance and contribute to the understanding of the presence of resistance genes in commercialized meat, proposing control and prevention measures for risks to public health.

The application of cell therapy in regenerative medicine represents a significant innovation for the treatment of conditions in both animals and humans. This advancement aims to improve the quality of life of patients affected by various diseases, including critical-size bone defects. Several methodologies exist to induce bone repair and regeneration; however, regenerative medicine emerges as an innovative strategy, as it seeks to regenerate or replace damaged cells, organs, and tissues with the objective of restoring normal body function, shifting the conventional focus from transplants to therapeutic approaches anchored in the properties of stem cells. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the association between micrografts containing stem cells and biomaterials such as cashew gum polymer and Strongbone® in the healing of bone lesions. For this purpose, 80 male Wistar rats, 90 days old, will be used. The animals will be randomly divided into five groups of 16 animals each: (i) CN – Control group; (ii) GC – Cashew gum polymer group; (iii) SB – Strongbone® group; (iv) RSB – Strongbone® associated with micrografts derived from the Rigenera® system; (v) RGC – Cashew gum polymer associated with micrografts derived from the Rigenera® system. To induce the lesion, a 1.5 cm craniocaudal incision will be performed, extending from a midpoint between the eyes to a midpoint between the ears. After incision of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the calvarial region, a circular defect will be created in the median region between the parietal bones using a 5 mm trephine bur with a controlled-speed motor. In the control group, after creating the bone defect, the soft tissue and bone edges of the defect will be stimulated to promote controlled bleeding, followed by filling of the defect with a blood clot. In the remaining groups, the respective materials will be implanted in the defect area. At the end, histological and histochemical evaluations will be performed to analyze the bone repair process following treatment. This project, conceived in response to the urgent need for innovative therapies, proposes the use of cell therapy as a revolutionary tool in the treatment of rotator cuff injuries. In addition to offering an innovative approach, the project seeks to significantly reduce the healing and recovery time of patients affected by critical-size bone defects. Thus, it aims not only to provide new treatment perspectives but also to improve outcomes in terms of effectiveness and speed of recovery. The results of this study may contribute to advances in treatment by presenting an alternative therapeutic approach for bone lesions in both animals and humans.

Leptospirosis can directly affect the reproductive performance of mares subjected to embryo
transfer (ET). Although equine leptospirosis has been traditionally associated with abortions and
recurrent uveitis, its potential role in subclinical reproductive disturbances, particularly within
assisted reproductive systems such as ET, remains underexplored. Given the limited
epidemiological data on the circulation of Leptospira spp. among mares enrolled in ET programs
in Brazil, this study aimed to investigate the serological and molecular occurrence of Leptospira
spp. in mares with a history of reproductive disorders from 13 ET-dedicated stud farms located in
Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil. Serum and cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) samples were
collected from 68 non-vaccinated mares. Using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 70.6%
(48/68; 95% CI: 58.9–80.1) of mares were seroreactive at titers ≥1:100. PCR targeting the lipL32
gene identified pathogenic Leptospira DNA in 45.6% (31/68; 95% CI: 33.8–57.9) of CVM
samples. Sequencing of a positive sample showed high nucleotide identity with Leptospira
interrogans. Overall, these findings indicate widespread exposure and active circulation of
Leptospira spp. in mares presenting reproductive disorders, highlighting the relevance of
molecular surveillance in herds involved in embryo transfer programs.

Semen cryopreservation is a crucial biotechnological tool for the preservation of genetic resources,

reduction of costs associated with the transport and maintenance of breeding animals, and mitigation

of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. However, the freezing and thawing processes can

compromise sperm fertility due to cryoinjuries, which negatively impact post-thaw pregnancy rates.

To minimize such damage, the use of appropriate extenders, cryoprotectants, and species-specific

freezing protocols is essential. Cryopreservation is also associated with an imbalance in reactive

oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress, structural damage, and decreased fertilization

capacity. In this context, natural compounds with antioxidant properties—such as essential oils

(EOs)—represent a promising alternative to enhance sperm protection. When incorporated into

nanoemulsions, these compounds can achieve controlled release and reduce cytotoxicity, thereby

improving their efficacy during the cryopreservation process. Nanotechnology, particularly the use

of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems, has shown significant potential in veterinary medicine and

animal reproduction. Nanoemulsions, characterized by droplet sizes of up to 200 nm, improve the

bioavailability and absorption of active compounds, in addition to offering physicochemical stability

and controlled substance release. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a nanoemulsion

containing an antioxidant-rich essential oil, to be incorporated into a semen freezing extender for

breeding animals. The objective was to reduce sperm membrane damage, thereby improving motility

and fertilization potential post-thaw. As an innovative approach utilizing essential oil in a

conventional extender (Tris-egg yolk) for the cryopreservation of animal spermatozoa, this study is

expected to enhance sperm preservation outcomes, increase the average number of viable

insemination doses, and contribute to genetic improvement of livestock herds. In the broader

context, this advancement may support increased productivity in animal husbandry, job creation,

and income generation.

Listeria monocytogenes represents a clinical challenge, particularly because listeriosis can reach a lethality of up to 30% in susceptible individuals, a situation that may be exacerbated by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. In this context, there is growing interest in natural compounds capable of modulating immune responses and enhancing the efficacy of conventional antibiotics. Lectins from Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr) and Cratylia argentea (CFL) stand out due to their ability to recognize microbial glycoconjugates, influence cellular processes, and stimulate host defense mechanisms. Thus, this study investigates the synergistic potential of the CbCfLG formulation (ConBr + CFL + gentamicin) in in vitro and in vivo infection models, evaluating antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, the potential to reduce intracellular bacteria, leukocyte modulation, and efficacy in decreasing bacterial load in target organs. The results show that, although ConBr and CFL do not exhibit direct antimicrobial activity against L. monocytogenes, their combination with gentamicin lowers the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the antibiotic from 0.25 µg/mL to 0.125 µg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) decreased from 0.5 µg/mL to 0.25 µg/mL, revealing a significant influence of the lectins on bacterial susceptibility. Furthermore, it was observed that combinations containing 5 and 10 µg/mL of the lectins were capable of eliminating intracellular growth of L. monocytogenes in infected peritoneal macrophages. In vivo experiments showed that animals treated with the combination of 5 ConBr + 5 CFL + 10 Gen mg/kg exhibited a reduction in microbial load in the liver and spleen compared to treatment with gentamicin 10 mg/kg alone, indicating that at this ratio the lectins can modulate systemic pathogen clearance. Additionally, no significant weight loss was observed in groups treated with CbCfLG compared to the gentamicin-only group. Leukocyte quantification also indicated that doses of ConBr 5 and CFL 1 + Gen 10 mg/kg resulted in reductions in total leukocytes and neutrophils compared to the untreated group after three days of infection. It is concluded that the CbCfLG formulation exerts a significant effect on L. monocytogenes, enhancing gentamicin activity, promoting intracellular bacterial clearance, and reducing systemic bacterial load without apparent toxicity. These findings reinforce that plant lectins may act as promising therapeutic adjuvants in the control of listeriosis, opening perspectives for more effective combinatorial approaches against intracellular pathogens.

Nandrolone decanoate and Sustanon stand out among the most commonly used anabolic steroids in the fitness environment, being administered in cycles and at supraphysiological doses to enhance muscle gains, thereby triggering damage mediated by oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. The liver is one of the most affected organs, exhibiting progressive structural and functional damage that may evolve into fibrosis and compromise overall health. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects resulting from supraphysiological and synergistic supplementation with two anabolic steroids in trained adolescent rats aged 40 days. The animals were divided into four groups: trained control rats (RT), rats treated with nandrolone (RTN), rats treated with Sustanon (RTS), and rats treated with nandrolone plus Sustanon (RTNS). Morphometric, histological, and histochemical parameters (Mallory’s trichrome staining), oxidative stress markers (TBARS, NADPH oxidase, GSH, SOD, and catalase), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), organosomatic indices, and biochemical markers of hepatic injury and metabolism were analyzed in the livers of the experimental groups. Animals treated with Sustanon exhibited centrilobular congestion, leukocyte infiltration, disorganization of hepatic cords and sinusoids, collagen deposition, and increased cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-6) in liver tissue, as well as serum biochemical alterations (LDL, ALT, AST, HDL, and total cholesterol) and changes in oxidative stress markers (TBARS, NADPH oxidase, GSH, SOD, and catalase). The nandrolone group and the group receiving the combination of Sustanon plus nandrolone showed findings similar to those observed in the Sustanon group, differing mainly in the magnitude of the alterations and by the presence of multiguttular steatosis and hepatocellular ballooning, which were particularly intensified in the synergistic group. Therefore, this research aims to expand scientific knowledge regarding the effects and risks associated with the non-therapeutic use of androgenic substances, as well as to provide support for public awareness, healthcare professional practice, and the development of preventive measures and public policies aimed at reducing the harm related to this type of consumption.

Stingless bees (Meliponini) play an essential role in maintaining biodiversity through pollination. The present study aimed to analyze the chemical profile and biological potential of pollens collected by stingless bees from the Caatinga biome: Melipona subnitida (jandaíra), Scaptotrigona aff. depilis (canudo), Partamona cupira (cupira), and Melipona mandacaia (mandaçaia). Eleven pollen samples were subjected to palynological analysis, extraction and chemical analyses, antiradical activity, and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All samples underwent solid-phase extraction (SPE-C18) using water, methanol (MeOH), and ethyl acetate:dichloromethane (AcOEt:CH₂Cl₂, 1:1). The two resulting fractions were submitted to chemical analyses (MeOH fractions analyzed by UPLC-DAD-qTOF-MS/MS and AcOEt:CH₂Cl₂ fractions by GC-MS), antiradical activity using DPPH and ABTS assays, flavonoid and total phenolic content determination, and testing against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The pollen samples were also extracted with water and submitted to sugar quantification by HPLC-IR. UPLC-DAD-qTOF-MS/MS analyses allowed the identification of three major classes of compounds in the pollen extracts from the four species: spermidine derivatives, lipids, and flavonoids. The four main flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and naringenin) present in most samples were studied by molecular docking, with quercetin and luteolin showing affinity for DprE1, while kaempferol and naringenin interacted with KasA, essential proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. GC-MS confirmed a predominantly lipophilic profile, with fatty acid esters, hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, sterols, and triterpenes. The AcOEt:CH₂Cl₂ fractions showed low antibacterial activity (MIC > 200 µg/mL), and only the MeOH fraction of Partamona cupira exhibited moderate activity (MIC 100–200 µg/mL). Phenolic and flavonoid contents were higher in the MeOH fractions of pollens from S. aff. depilis (94.65 ± 2.22 mg GAE/g and 61.80 ± 1.89 mg QE/g, respectively) and P. cupira (59.19 ± 2.52 mg GAE/g and 31.38 ± 3.60 mg QE/g, respectively), which also showed greater activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals. Sugar analysis revealed that all pollens contained the sugar mannitol, with meliponic pollen from S. aff. depilis showing the highest concentrations of mannitol, followed by fructose and glucose among the species studied.

Chagas disease represents a serious public health problem due to its high morbidity and mortality, particularly during the chronic phase. Growing evidence suggests that nutraceuticals such as resveratrol and coenzyme Q10 may contribute to reducing progressive tissue damage and organ dysfunction associated with the chronic stage of the disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resveratrol and coenzyme Q10 supplementation in healthy mice and in mice experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Initially, the effects of parenteral administration of resveratrol and coenzyme Q10 on the gut microbiota of BALB/c mice were evaluated. Twelve animals were divided into three groups (control, resveratrol, and coenzyme Q10) and received daily injections of these nutraceuticals for 120 days. At the end of the experiment, fecal samples were subjected to shotgun metagenomic analysis. Subsequently, an experimental murine model of Chagas disease was conducted, in which 18 mice were experimentally infected with T. cruzi and allocated into three groups: control, resveratrol-treated, and coenzyme Q10–treated. The protocol lasted 120 days, with daily parenteral administration of resveratrol or coenzyme Q10 at doses adjusted to body weight. At the end of the experimental period, animals were euthanized in accordance with Brazilian Federal Council of Veterinary Medicine nº 1000/2012, followed by necropsy. liver, heart, and brain samples were collected, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Histological analyses were performed on 5 μm, sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. To confirm infection, DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues and analyzed by PCR using genus- and order-specific primers. The metagenomic analysis revealed a shift in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio toward eubiosis, with resveratrol exerting a more robust modulatory effect, suggesting its potential as a nutraceutical agent capable of shaping the gut microbiota. Histopathological evaluation of the liver demonstrated that both nutraceuticals exert significant hepatoprotective effects during chronic T. cruzi infection, acting through distinct yet convergent mechanisms that improve hepatic injury. Not only, resveratrol showed a more comprehensive cardioprotective effect, completely preventing moderate to severe lesions, but also coenzyme Q10 also prevented lesions in cardiac tissue. In addition, antioxidant therapy with resveratrol and coenzyme Q10 mitigated neuropathological alterations during the chronic phase, supporting their potential as adjuvant therapeutic strategies. In conclusion, both resveratrol and coenzyme Q10, even when administered parenterally, induced significant changes in gut microbiota composition, with distinct impacts on bacterial diversity and intestinal ecology. These findings support resveratrol and coenzyme Q10 as promising candidates for the development of adjuvant therapies aimed at reducing liver, cardiac, and neurological morbidity associated with chronic Chagas disease

Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) is the etiological agent of Chagas disease (CD), also known as American trypanosomiasis (AT). This parasite exhibits a heterogeneous population structure with seven recognized lineages, referred to as Discrete Typing Units (DTUs). Dogs are important domestic hosts of T. cruzi, serving as models for understanding the clinical manifestations of the disease and providing information on the current distribution of this infection in Brazil. The overall objective of this study was to investigate T. cruzi infection in dogs and to study the triatomine fauna in the Agreste region of Pernambuco, Brazil. To this end, this dissertation is organized into three chapters, as described below. Chapter 1: The distribution and infection rates of T. cruzi in triatomines collected in a Chagas disease endemic region of northeastern Brazil were evaluated. Secondary data obtained between 2013 and 2022 from the Official System of the National Chagas Disease Control Program (SisPCDCh) were used. A total of 7,257 triatomine specimens were collected, most of which (6,792; 93.6%) were found indoors, while 465 (6.4%) were collected in peridomestic areas. The most frequent species were Panstrongylus lutzi (39.8%), followed by Triatoma brasiliensis (37%), T. pseudomaculata (18.5%), and P. megistus (4.32%). Among these triatomines, 7.1% were found to harbor trypomastigote forms compatible with T. cruzi. Chapter 2: Available data on T. cruzi infection in dogs in Brazil were synthesized, with emphasis on case distribution and diagnostic methods applicable to veterinary clinical practice. This analysis highlighted the scarcity of information on the nationwide distribution of canine infection, with a predominance of case reports and post-mortem studies. Chapter 3: The occurrence of T. cruzi infection was determined in dogs from municipalities endemic for Chagas disease in the Agreste region of Pernambuco. Overall, 21 animals tested positive: 11.11% (17/153) by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and 1.59% (4/251) by PCR. The presence of triatomines and dogs infected with the etiological agent underscores the need to intensify surveillance actions, particularly health education initiatives, in areas of greater vulnerability where human populations live in close contact with vectors and/or dogs. The adoption of systematic entomological control measures, combined with improvements in human housing conditions, may help reduce the risk of infestation and, consequently, the transmission of Chagas disease.

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can cause a wide range of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional deficits, as well as promote congenital anomalies. This xenobiotic can easily cross the placenta and reach the fetus, leading to the disruption of maternal metabolic pathways and impairing the development of vital organs such as the brain, liver, and kidneys, causing neurodegeneration, hepatic fibrosis, and a reduction in the number of nephrons, respectively. Melatonin has demonstrated several therapeutic benefits, and studies support its effectiveness in preventing brain, liver, and kidney damage. Although there is significant evidence on the harmful effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on fetal health, there are still gaps in knowledge about which specific period of organogenesis is most vulnerable to the effects of this substance. Thus, this work proposes to evaluate which period of organogenesis of the brain, liver, and kidneys of rat offspring is most affected by alcohol consumption during gestation, and whether melatonin is able to prevent these effects. For this study, 30 virgin, 90-day-old albino Wistar rats weighing approximately 250g were used, obtained from the Animal Facility of the Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE). The animals were distributed into six experimental groups: Control - rats without alcohol exposure and euthanized at periods E15 and E19; Alcohol - rats subjected to chronic alcohol consumption and euthanized at periods E15 and E19; Alcohol + Melatonin - rats subjected to chronic alcohol consumption and euthanized at periods E15 and E19. All groups were euthanized on the 15th and 19th day of gestation, respectively. Alcohol was administered by intragastric gavage at a dose of 3 g/kg. Melatonin was administered by daily injections at a dosage of 0.8 mg/kg. Regarding the brain, in the analysis of weights and lengths of E15 and E19 in the alcohol group, a significant reduction in the weight of the dams, and the weight and length of the fetuses, was observed compared to the control and alcohol + melatonin groups. Our study found structural disorganization of the cerebral mesenchyme, which can be indicated by alterations in the estimated external, borderline, and internal density of the neuroepithelium and by the decreased volume of the telencephalon in the alcohol group in E15 and E19. We also observed a decrease in the thickness of the neuroepithelium in E15, persisting in E19, in the alcohol group, compared to the other groups. Furthermore, in E15, an incorrect structure of the molecular layer of the telencephalon was observed, and in E19, less development of the telencephalon ventricles was observed in the alcohol group compared to the other groups. Our findings indicate increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, both IL-6 and TNFα, from E15 to E19 in the alcohol group when compared to the other groups. An increase in apoptotic cell staining was also observed in the alcohol group at E15 and E19, compared to the other experimental groups. For PCNA staining, the alcohol group showed lower cell proliferation at E15 and E19 compared to the other groups. Regarding liver results, fetuses from the control and alcohol + melatonin groups, at E15, presented quite voluminous hepatic lobules with centrilobular veins, sinusoids, hepatoblasts, hematopoietic cells, and some hepatocytes. The livers from the alcohol group at E15 showed less developed hepatic lobules compared to the other groups, with centrilobular veins surrounded only by hepatoblasts. Period E19 revealed that in the control and alcohol + melatonin groups, hepatoblasts and hepatocytes still coexisted. In the alcohol group, histological characteristics similar to those found in the livers of fetuses from the control and alcohol + melatonin groups in period E15 were evident. Immunohistochemical analysis of the liver in both periods revealed similar assays in the control and alcohol + melatonin groups, with strong staining for IL6 and TNFα. Furthermore, strong cell proliferation and a reduction in the apoptotic index were recorded in the livers of fetuses when compared to the alcohol group. Regarding the kidneys, the results indicated that in period E15, the control and alcohol + melatonin groups showed the presence of developing glomeruli, ellipsoid vesicles near the surface, with undifferentiated epithelial cells surrounded by mesenchymal tissue. In the alcohol group, branching in the mesenchymal tissue for the formation of renal glomeruli was observed. In period E19, the cortical and medullary regions were well defined. In fetuses from the control and alcohol + melatonin groups, the beginning of the formation of primitive renal glomeruli and the first renal corpuscles was observed. In the alcohol group, the kidneys presented ellipsoid vesicles near the renal surface, suggesting glomerular primordia. Immunohistochemical analysis of the liver in both periods revealed similar assays in the control and alcohol + melatonin groups, with strong staining for IL-6 and TNF-α. Meanwhile, the kidney showed weak staining for these same parameters. Furthermore, strong cell proliferation and a reduction in the apoptotic index were recorded in the liver and kidneys of the fetuses when compared to the alcohol group. Therefore, it is concluded that melatonin presents itself as a molecule with high protective potential on neurogenesis, nephrogenesis, and hepatogenesis, regulating the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, apoptosis, and PCNA, against the alterations caused by chronic alcohol consumption during fetal organogenesis.

Films and coatings based on biopolymers show great potential for application in the food industry, especially as active packaging, contributing to increased product shelf life and reduced waste. This study aimed to develop sodium alginate-based polymer films incorporating extracts of Cumaru (Amburana cearensis), recognized for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, respectively. Plant samples were collected in the hinterland of Paraíba, and the films were prepared with different concentrations: 60%, 80% and 100% Cumaru. The obtained materials were characterized in terms of homogeneity, thickness, mechanical properties (deformation and tensile strength), color, and antimicrobial activity. The films showed good dispersion and incorporation of the extracts, as well as satisfactory malleability and uniformity. The best antimicrobial activity was observed in the samples containing 100% of the plant extract. The results indicate that the extracts have potential for application as active packaging, representing viable alternatives for preserving chicken meat.

Hyperketonemia is a common condition in ruminant metabolism characterized by the increase of ketone bodies in tissues and fluids body. This syndrome has a significant impact on cattle farming, as it is linked to herd profitability and economic losses. Studies indicate a relationship between the development of metabolic disorders, such as hyperketonemia, and changes in cytokine levels. These changes can decrease inflammation, promoting metabolic homeostasis and, consequently, reduce the risk of chronic metabolic diseases. IFN-y is a cytokine with pro-inflammatory properties involved in the immune response, acting in inflammatory and autoimmune processes. In the placental tissues from humans, it has been observed to have a prominent role in protecting against infections from bacterial and viral pathogens. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response and maintenance of homeostasis. In the placenta, it plays a fundamental role in the creation of an immunotolerant environment at the maternal-fetal interface. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the expression of IFN-y and IL-10 cytokines in the placenta of dairy cows was related to the development of hyperketonemia. A total of 31 mRNA samples from the placental tissue of cows were analyzed, 14 of them with hyperketonemia and 17 healthy dairy herds, all from dairy herds in the dairy basin of the municipality of Garanhuns, in the state of Pernambuco. The cDNA was synthesized followed of the expression level of the IFN-y and IL-10 genes using Real-time PCR software. Mean INF-y expression was lower in the hyperketonemia group compared to the control group (0.244 ± 2.07 vs 1.57 ± 1.36, respectively). On the other hand, in relation to IL-10, there was a higher expression in the group with hyperketonemia compared to the control group (0.0136 ± 2.83 vs -1.91 ± 2.25, respectively) showing statistically significant difference between them (p < 0.05). In addition, significant correlations were observed between the following variables: BHB with IFN-y; BHB with NEFAs; Albumin with IL-10; and Albumin with globulin. Thus, it is concluded that the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines has relevant contributions to the well-being and health of ruminant animals that are in a transition period, being fundamental for physiological homeostasis of metabolism.

Regarding animal reproduction, it is believed that various reproductive strategies have evolved to avoid predation, minimize competition, or simply adapt to environmental conditions. Thus, knowledge of the reproductive biology of lizards becomes relevant, as it constitutes a crucial factor for understanding the evolutionary process, along with species adaptations in response to environmental pressures. In this context, when considering the Atlantic Forest biome, characterized as a semideciduous seasonal forest, and the Caatinga biome, with a semi-arid climate, it is important to investigate the reproductive biology of lizards in these regions, understanding the influence of climatic factors on the regulation of reproductive cells, and comparing the reproductive cycle of the species Tropidurus semitaeniatus. In this way, the present project aims to characterize and compare histologically and morphometrically the gonads, livers, and fat bodies of the species Tropidurus semitaeniatus collected in Caatinga and Atlantic Forest environments, verifying the effects of environmental factors on their reproductive process. The collection was carried out in the Olho d'Água das Onças Ecological Reserve, in Picuí-PB (Caatinga environment), and in the Tapacurá Ecological Station, in São Lourenço da Mata-PE (Atlantic Forest). Monthly expeditions were conducted over four consecutive days throughout a year, with three daily outings. A maximum of 8 animals were collected in each area, euthanized with 5% lidocaine, measured with a digital caliper, weighed, identified, and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. For the hepatosomatic (HSI), gonadosomatic (GSI), and liposomatic (LSI) indices, the weight and measurements of the gonads, livers, and fat bodies were collected. After fixation, the material was dehydrated in an ascending selective alcohol series, cleared, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 5.0 μm, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. For the calculation of the volume density (Vv) of spermatids and spermatozoa, the formula of Mandarim-de-Lacerda (1991) and Weibel (1979) was used. To quantify profile density, fields were counted in a Test Area (TA) of 0.044 mm² for each animal. The final result (mm²) was obtained using the average of each profile, applying the formula: QA = Ʃprofiles/TA. The quantification of oocyte types was carried out through the population density method in a Test Area of 88 mm². The values of reproductive lineage cells were analyzed over the months using the Kruskal-Wallis test and, when necessary, complemented by Dunn's Test. For dimorphism, general measurements of the animals were taken and submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results obtained for the condition factor (k1) and body growth indices in relation to environmental variables were subjected to Spearman's demonstration test and multiple linear regression. The correlation of k1 with the indices was performed using Spearman's correlation coefficient test. The dependence between cell density and occurrence was verified by a two-way ANOVA test. Rainfall data were obtained from the database of the Weather Forecast and Climate Studies Center and by using a thermohygrometer. Sexual dimorphism was found for the species in both areas, with males showing higher morphometric variable measurements than females. The body condition factor  k1 and the GSI, HSI, and LSI indices varied throughout the months of collection in both areas. However, only the HSI of Caatinga females and the LSI and GSI of Atlantic Forest males and females were significant. In the analysis of the correlation between the condition factor and the evaluated indices, only the GSI and HSI of Atlantic Forest males and females, as well as the HSI of Caatinga males and females, showed statistical significance. On the other hand, the interference of Caatinga's rainfall and temperature on the development of k1 and our indices were not statistically significant.

Parasitic diseases continue to pose a significant challenge to both animal and human health in the 21st century. In Brazil, the zoonotic genus Ancylostoma is particularly prevalent. The species Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense are of veterinary medical interest in the country, as their larval stages are responsible for Cutaneous Larva Migrans in humans. Unfortunately, coproparasitological diagnosis of the genus Ancylostoma does not allow for differentiation between species in infected dogs due to the difficulty in visually distinguishing the eggs. The aim of this study was to diagnose natural infection by Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense in dogs, primarily using the multivalent FLOTAC technique, to evaluate the frequency of gastrointestinal parasites in samples from both domestic and shelter animals, and subsequently to perform Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis. In summary, 60 fecal samples were collected from dogs of different breeds and ages and assessed using the FLOTAC technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Of the 60 samples processed by the FLOTAC coproparasitological technique, 38.3% (23/60) were from shelter animals, and 61.7% (37/60) were from domestic animals, both in the city of Recife. In this study, 46.7% (28/60) of the samples tested positive for zoonotic parasites, with Ancylostoma spp. being the most common at 40% (24/60), followed by Trichuris spp. at 8.3% (5/60), Toxocaraspp. at 6.7% (4/60), and Cystoisospora spp. at 1.7% (1/60). A relative frequency of coinfection (presence of two or more parasites in the same sample) was observed in 10% (6/60) of the analyzed samples. The frequency of parasitic infections in shelter animals was 78.3% (18/23), while in domestic animals, it was 27% (10/37), which is considered high. The genus Ancylostoma was identified in 40% (24/60) of the evaluated samples, with a frequency of 21.6% (8/37) in domestic dog samples and 69.6% (16/23) in shelter dog samples. Techniques based on DNA detection are necessary for species differentiation. To better understand parasitic agents, it is essential to have knowledge of their epidemiology, distribution, and species identification according to geographical regions

Aedes aegypti is a culicid species of high relevance for being a vector of several pathogens of only health importance. In addition to spreading arboviruses such as Dengue, Zika, Chikungunya and Urban Yellow Fever, these insects can also transmit the cosmopolitan filarid Dirofilaria immitis, which causes heartworm disease and affects domestic and wild canids and felids, as well as humans. In Brazil, D. immitis is widespread in coastal areas. In Pernambuco, it was detected along the coast and in 2020 in dogs domiciled in the municipality of Goiana, Zona da Mata Norte. The aim of the study was to assess the vectorial competence of Ae. aegypti from Goiana for the transmission of D. immitis. To this end, Ae. aegypti larvae were collected in the municipality and reared in the laboratory. Subsequently, female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from the GOIANA population were experimentally exposed to D. immitis by artificially feeding on the blood of dogs naturally infected with the filarid. The mosquitoes were exposed to a concentration of 1250 microfilariae/mL of blood.  The results showed that at the end of the experiments with D. immitis, the Ae. aegypti population GOIANA had a mortality rate of 12.1% and a vector efficiency rate of 100%. Thus, it was observed that it has the potential to transmit D. immitis in the municipality, as it allowed the nematode larvae to develop into the infective form in the Malpighian tubules and migrate to the mosquitoes proboscis.

Victims of human actions in the environment, wild animals rescued from illegal practices are commonly sent to the Wildlife Screening and Rehabilitation Centers (CETRAS) or zoos. The investigation of resistance and virulence traits is increasingly relevant in these institutions in all research involving microorganisms of epidemiological importance, especially when the impact falls on One Health. The objective of this dissertation was to characterize the production of biofilm, Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and virulence (Escherichia coli Diarrhea Occurrence - DEC) in Escherichia coli isolates from the intestinal microbiota of Amazona sp. from the Wildlife Screening and Rehabilitation Center (CETRAS Tangara), Recife, Pernambuco. Twenty-eight E. coli isolates were recovered and subjected to biofilm production assay, modified double disk synergism test (DDST) and molecular diagnosis by PCR for ESBL genes blaTEM-1, blaSHV-1 and CTX-M825 and virulence genes DEC of the Enteropathogenic (EPEC), Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) and Shiga Toxin-Producing (STEC) classes, stx1, stx2, eaeA and HlyA. The clinical sign of diarrhea was observed exclusively in Resident birds (43.8%, 28/64). In the phenotypic tests, 100% (28/28) of the isolates produced biofilm and 32.1% (9/28) were positive in the DDST for ESBL production. In the genotypic tests, 13% (4/28) were positive for blaTEM-1 genes for ESBL production. The stx2 gene was detected in 13% (4/28) of the isolates, confirming the presence of STEC-type DEC in the birds investigated. The other genes were not detected. Five isolates were positive for two or more phenotypic and genotypic tests and three of these had genotypes for ESBL and STEC. It is concluded that Amazona aestiva and Amazona amazonica can be used as bioindicators of environmental quality for biofilm-producing E. coli, Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (E

Predators are particularly sensitive to changes in their environment and can exhibit physiological responses to such changes. This is especially true for scorpions, a group of sedentary predators. For instance, the body size of male scorpions Tityus pusillus is directly influenced by environmental structure, with smaller individuals found in habitats with less heterogeneity. Although scorpions are important models for ecological studies, knowledge about this group of invertebrates is still limited in Brazil, particularly in the Cerrado, which is renowned as the savanna with the greatest biodiversity in the world. This biome features various phytophysiognomies, including forested areas surrounded by grassland vegetation. Given the characteristic ‘vegetation islands’ of this biome, forested areas are ideal for studies aimed at evaluating the effects of habitat structure on fauna. Thus, this study aims to assess the body condition of scorpions in forested areas with varying degrees of environmental heterogeneity. We hypothesize that scorpions from areas with lower environmental heterogeneity will exhibit poorer body conditions. The study was conducted in the municipality of Campo Maior, Piauí, Brazil. The environmental heterogeneity of the areas was characterized by variables such as the density and diameter at breast height of trees, canopy openness, depth and dry mass of the litter, area size, and distance between areas. Scorpions were collected over one hour through active nocturnal searches using ultraviolet flashlights in 30 different areas. Following collection, all animals were identified using taxonomic keys from the relevant literature, and only adults had their physiological condition measured. This included metrics such as the length of the prosoma, the mobile finger of the pedipalp, and the 5th segment of the metasoma; the height, width, and length of the chela; as well as fresh and dry mass. This comprehensive approach significantly enhances our understanding of the effects of environmental heterogeneity on the ecophysiology of neotropical scorpions.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of malignant tumors in both men and women. This type of cancer begins in the final portion of the intestine, with adenocarcinoma being the most common. Furthermore, more than half of the patients diagnosed with this disease present metastasis, in which case the tumor spreads to other tissues, preferably to organs such as the lungs and liver. Probiotic bacteria, which confer health benefits to individuals when administered in adequate amounts, have shown good results in mitigating pre-neoplastic inflammation. Furthermore, lactic acid bacteria of the species Enterococcus faecium have shown, through both in vitro and in vivo studies, the potential for modulating the immune system, as well as for reducing intestinal inflammation induced by chemical agents. Thus, the main objective of this project is to evaluate the potential of EF137v in the development of metastasis in organs such as the lungs, analyzing histological and histochemical parameters. Based on the studies developed, EF137v is effective in mitigating neoplastic inflammation in lung tissue, demonstrating attenuation of immune cell infiltration and preserving healthy lung architecture. However, the observation of adverse effects should be the objective of future evaluation, so that the use of this probiotic as an antitumor agent becomes an alternative.

Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is an important parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum. The development of clinical signs depends on the immune response of each dog, and the presence of coinfections by vector-borne pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the changes in the myelogram of animals naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and associated coinfections. Bone marrow and blood samples of 37 animals naturally infected with L. infantum, stored in the sample bank of the Parasitology Laboratory of the Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, were used. Hematological and biochemical data, research of coinfections by means of the qualitative ELISA test (SNAP 4DX Plus, Idexx laboratory, Westbrook, Maine, USA) and qPCR to determine the L. infantum parasite load were evaluated. Data were evaluated by descriptive statistics to obtain absolute and relative frequencies. A total of 30 of 37 (81.7%) were coinfected by another vector-borne pathogen. Normocytic normochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia were the main findings at hematological examination. On the other hand, the erythroid lineage was within the reference values, which demonstrates ineffective production. A marked increase (four times) in the megakaryocytic series was observed in response to the decrease in these cells in the circulating blood. The presence of macrophages above the reference value was a frequent finding and is related to parasitism by L. infantum in the bone marrow. It is concluded that the presence of co-infections was a factor that accentuated the presence of hematological alterations in the hemogram and myelogram of the animals in the study, indicating a reserved prognosis for these animals.

The mango crop in the São Francisco Valley suffers losses due to pest attacks, leading to the extensive use of pesticides such as Imidacloprid, which has high solubility and stability in water, contributing to its environmental persistence. Additionally, it is toxic to non-target organisms, highlighting the need for its removal from aquatic environments. Microalgae, due to their metabolic and physiological capabilities, emerge as promising tools for pesticide bioremediation. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Tetradesmus obliquus, Arthrospira platensis, and Dunaliella tertiolecta in the bioremediation of Imidacloprid, as well as the pigment content in microalgal biomass. The microalgae were cultivated in Erlenmeyer flasks containing standard culture medium, with an initial insecticide concentration of 0.2 mg/L and a microorganism concentration of 100 mg/L. The experiments were conducted under two conditions: (1) culture medium and microorganisms; and (2) culture medium, microorganisms, and Imidacloprid, to assess the effect of the pesticide on microalgal growth. Cell concentration was determined daily throughout the cultures. The analysis of maximum cell concentration (Xm) indicated that Imidacloprid stimulated growth in all microalgae. T. obliquus exhibited the highest Xm (837.97 mg/L in the treated group and 733.55 mg/L in the control), followed by D. tertiolecta (811.55 mg/L treated and 682.48 mg/L control) and A. platensis (577.80 mg/L treated and 472.26 mg/L control). The maximum specific growth rate (μMAX) demonstrated that the pesticide did not interfere with the doubling rate of D. tertiolecta (0.17 day⁻¹), while T. obliquus and A. platensis showed reductions from 0.15 to 0.13 day⁻¹ and from 0.12 to 0.10 day⁻¹ in the treated and control groups, respectively. Regarding productivity, D. tertiolecta showed the most significant increase (58.86 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ in the treated group compared to 52.59 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ in the control), which may be attributed to its greater ability to utilize Imidacloprid as a carbon source. T. obliquus maintained similar productivity between groups (48.77 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ treated and 48.67 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ control), while A. platensis showed no significant difference (29.23 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ treated versus 30.60 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ control). The results highlight the potential of T. obliquus and D. tertiolecta in Imidacloprid bioremediation, with metabolic adaptations that enhance growth and productivity. In contrast, A. platensis demonstrated greater sensitivity. Thus, T. obliquus and D. tertiolecta emerge as promising candidates for bioremediation applications. Future studies should explore metabolic degradation pathways, resulting products, and the interference of the pesticide in the photosynthetic apparatus.

Plant metabolites have garnered growing interest for their potential in biotechnology, with applications in health and pest control. Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae), commonly known as sugar apple, is a medicinal plant with edible fruits. This thesis aimed to:  I. Analyze current trends in the use of natural products for the control of insects of health importance (Aedes aegypti) and economic relevance (Sitophilus zeamais and Nasutitermes corniger); II. Obtain and characterize the saline extract from A. squamosa leaves regarding its chemical composition; III. Evaluate the insecticidal potential of the extract against Ae. aegypti, S. zeamais, and N. corniger; IV. Develop a solid formulation of the extract and assess its efficacy; V. Investigate the extract’s activity against bacteria associated with caprine mastitis. Dried and ground A. squamosa leaves were homogenized in a 0.15 M NaCl solution to obtain the extract, whose composition was determined through biophysical techniques such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Protein concentration in the extract and protease inhibitory activity were determined by spectrophotometry using colorimetric methods. The presence of lectins was investigated through their ability to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes. The effects of the extract were evaluated on third-instar larvae (L3) of Ae. aegypti, adults of S. zeamais and N. corniger, as well as non-target toxicity to the microcrustacean Hyalella sp. The permeability of the peritrophic membrane of Ae. aegypti L3 after extract treatment was determined by activated charcoal diffusion into the ectoperitrophic space. Tablets based on the extract were produced and characterized by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of these tablets on the survival and midgut morphology of Ae. aegypti L3 were assessed by light microscopy. Additionally, the antibacterial potential of the extract was tested against isolates associated with caprine mastitis using the microdilution method. Bibliometric analysis revealed that research on natural insecticides is concentrated in tropical regions, where diseases transmitted by Ae. aegypti are more common. Furthermore, the use of metal nanoparticles derived from plant extracts has grown as a strategy to enhance stability and efficacy. TLC and HPLC identified cinnamic acid derivatives, rutin, and chlorogenic acid as the major metabolites in the extract. Proteins (22.9 mg/mL), including a trypsin inhibitor (15.6 U/mg) and lectin (21,333.33 HUAS), were also detected. The extract killed (LC50 = 1.9% w/v) and altered the permeability of the peritrophic membrane of Ae. aegypti L3. In adults of S. zeamais, the extract exhibited a strong feeding deterrent effect, killing 51.2% to 63.8% of the insects through starvation. No toxicity was observed for *N. corniger*; however, *Hyalella sp.* individuals were sensitive to the treatment. DTA revealed an exothermic event (450 °C) indicating degradation of extract components, and FTIR showed the presence of secondary amines (N-H stretch) and aliphatic compounds (C-N stretch), potentially reflecting protein content. These characteristics persisted in binary mixtures of the extract with excipients, indicating no alteration of the extract’s physicochemical properties. Treatment with the tablets killed 47% of Ae. aegypti L3 and caused epithelial hypertrophy and apocrine vesicle synthesis in the midgut of the larvae. The bacteria isolated from caprine mastitis were not sensitive to treatment with the extract. In conclusion, the insecticidal effect of A. squamosa leaf extract on Ae. aegypti L3 and S. zeamais adults may be linked to the presence of lectins, trypsin inhibitors, rutin, and chlorogenic acid, involving increased peritrophic membrane permeability and strong feeding deterrent effects, respectively. The tablet formulation of the leaf extract was effective against Ae. aegypti L3 due to structural and functional damage to the larvae’s midgut. Finally, caution is advised when using the extract due to the high non-target toxicity observed.

Mental disorders are complex, multifactorial conditions, and current research is focused on understanding the role of inflammation and the immune system in their pathophysiology. In this context, increased intestinal permeability plays a central role in the systemic inflammatory response, influencing the microbiota-gut-brain axis. This indicates a link between gastrointestinal health and emotional regulation, with significant implications for understanding and treating mental disorders. Therefore, the main objective of this research was to evaluate behavioral, physiological, and molecular changes in an animal model of intestinal inflammation induced by 4,6-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS). To achieve this goal, 20 rats (males, aged 60 days) were subjected to induction of ulcerative colitis by rectal administration of DNBS (40 mg diluted in 50% ethanol). Subsequently, the animals underwent a battery of behavioral tests: open field, light-dark transition, forced swimming, and rotarod. Finally, biological material collection was performed - colon, hippocampus, striatum, and cortex - for biochemical tests, namely oxidative stress and western blot. DNBS-induced colitis was characterized by changes in colon weight and length, as well as the presence of inflammation, ulcers, and necrosis. Another relevant aspect is the significant weight loss compared to the control. Regarding behavioral tests, an increase in grooming in the Open Field Test, associated with an increase in immobility time in the Forced Swimming Test, was noteworthy. Oxidative stress was characterized by an increase in MDA and a decline in GSH and NP-SH levels. Thus, the tests conducted in this study revealed that the induction of experimental colitis through DNBS resulted in manifestations of depressive and anxious behavior in animals, as well as alterations in the colon.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects more than 50 million people worldwide. Available pharmacological treatments do not interrupt the degenerative process and do not have neuroprotective effects. Given this pharmacotherapeutic difficulty, studies with cannabinoids are being developed with the aim of improving the understanding of the action of Cannabis sp on the central nervous system. The aim of this research was to analyze and evaluate the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapeutic effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) through behavioral tests, laboratory tests, and histopathological and morphometric studies. For this purpose, 48 male Wistar rats, 90 days old, were used, kept under a 12-hour light/dark cycle, at a temperature of 20-24°C, and divided into six experimental groups (n=8). Inductions and treatments occurred at the age of 270 days. With the exception of Group I, the other groups were experimentally induced to AD with scopolamine hydrobromide intraperitoneally at doses of 3 mg/kg every 24 h for 7 consecutive days. Group I (negative control) animals were not induced or treated; Group II (positive control for CBD/Δ9-THC) individuals not induced but treated with CBD and Δ9-THC (1:3); Group III - animals in this group were induced to AD with scopolamine hydrobromide intraperitoneally every 24 h for 7 days, but were not treated; Group IV - rats were induced to AD for 7 days and on the 8th day began treatment with corn oil nanoemulsion rectally for 15 days; Group V animals received induction with scopolamine hydrobromide for 7 days intraperitoneally and from the eighth day onwards they were treated with CBD+ Δ9-THC 1:3 (rectally) for 15 days; Group VI – Animals treated early with CBD and Δ9-THC 1:3 for 15 days rectally every 24 h and on the 16th day the rats began to receive induction with scopolamine hydrobromide 3mg/g every 24 h intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. The project developed an experimental therapeutic protocol with a nanotechnological suppository formulation of CBD and Δ9-THC nanoemulsion for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a severe condition affecting between 2% and 5% of children worldwide due to alcohol consumption during pregnancy. This syndrome, the most severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), is characterized by physical, cognitive, and behavioral deficiencies, making it one of the leading preventable causes of intellectual disability. The high prevalence of FAS is exacerbated by a lack of awareness among pregnant women about the risks of alcohol and the absence of an effective treatment. Even with the cessation of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, the effects can be irreversible, and diagnosis typically occurs late in prenatal care. For studying the effects of FAS, Danio rerio (zebrafish) proves to be an excellent animal model, offering significant advantages compared to other models. This fish has a high genetic similarity to humans and a large progeny with transparent eggs, embryos, and larvae, which facilitates the observation of embryonic development with the aid of an optical microscope. The use of zebrafish as a model for FAS is well-established and capable of reproducing effects observed in human patients. Nanotechnological systems, such as nanoemulsions, have the potential to serve as efficient carriers of bioactive molecules to reverse the effects of FAS during fetal development. Nanoemulsions are known for their ability to efficiently carry bioactive molecules. Developing a nanotechnological system composed of the mentioned substances may provide a specific treatment for FAS with restorative and anti-inflammatory properties. Given that FAS is a syndrome of high prevalence, the application of nanotechnology can not only provide important information for the population and pregnant women but also represent an innovative and cost-effective approach for the prevention and treatment of the syndrome, leveraging the compounds used in its formulation.

Urbanization poses challenges to bats and their ectoparasites (Streblidae and Nycteribiidae flies), reducing the bioavailability of essential and toxic minerals and affecting community functioning. In the Caatinga morphoclimatic domain (CMD), this situation is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate body condition, parasite infestation, and bioaccumulation in bats in response to urbanization in the Caatinga. The animals were captured to obtain biometric parameters and collected hair and flies over 30 nights, from March 2022 to January 2023, in five sampling units (SU) in the municipality of Caruaru, Pernambuco state, northeastern Brazil: industrial (SU1), preserved (SU2), periurban (SU3), populated urban (SU4), and commercial (SU5). In 8,100 h.m2 of sampling effort, 196 bats of 12 species were captured, with emphasis on Artibeus planirostris and Myotis lavali. The most representative trophic guild was frugivorous foragers of cluttered spaces (53%). The AUs did not differ in abundance (P=0.1354) or species composition. The dry and rainy seasons did not differ in bat richness (R: -0.044; P=0.5931), with AU2 being the most diverse. The body condition score (BCS) in A. planirostris differed between AUs 1 and 5 (P=0.0552323). A total of 187 flies were collected, including 11 species of Streblidae and one of Nycteribiidae. Basilia travassosi (Diptera, Nycteribiidae) was the most abundant species; Paratrichobius longicrus (Diptera, Streblidae) had the highest host richness (3), while Trichobius diphyllae (Diptera, Streblidae) had the highest prevalence (80%) and average infestation (7.5%). Artibeus planirostris, the most frequently parasitized host, had the highest fly richness (3) and the parasite load (54) did not influence the ICC (P=0.695). The highest fly abundance occurred in UA2 and the lowest in UA3. Males and females parasitized A. planirostris in a 1:1 ratio (P=1). The UA did not differ in fly prevalence (χ²=0.77422; P=0.9419) or host abundance (Kruskal-Wallis=4; P=0.406). The prevalence (χ²=0; P=1) and mean abundance of infestation (t=0.4160; P=0.742) of flies did not differ between the dry and rainy seasons. The minerals Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn were evaluated in bat hairs: Ca, Cr, Cu, K and Mn were the most abundant, while Al, Co, Mo, Ni and Pb were the least. The mean concentrations did not differ between the AU. Male bats bioaccumulated higher concentrations of Ca (P=0.009595), Cd (P=0.01759), Co (P=0.000004) and Pb (P=0.01244). Urban ecosystems in the Caatinga support a diverse, generalist, and ecologically limited bat fauna, impacting environmental quality and parasitic indices among flies. This, combined with metal bioaccumulation, can lead to population declines, compromising the health of these ecosystems and their associated biota, from a One Health perspective. Therefore, rethinking urbanization and promoting education and awareness strategies about the ecological importance of bats is vital for species conservation and maintaining environmental balance.

Mastitis is the leading disease affecting dairy herds and represents the primary reason for antimicrobial usage. This contributes to the presence of antibiotic residues in milk and promotes antimicrobial resistance, posing risks to public health. In this context, the urgent development of effective and safe antimicrobial alternatives is essential, particularly those compatible with organic production systems. In this framework, this thesis aimed to develop and validate an antibacterial nanotechnological product for teat disinfection before and after milking (pre- and post-dipping), with anti-mastitic activity. Initially, a technological prospecting was conducted using patent databases to identify trends and gaps in innovations related to mastitis control. The results revealed a predominance of inventions focused on synthetic antimicrobials, mainly originating from the United States and developed by private companies, with emphasis on prophylactic and therapeutic applications. A notable gap was identified in technologies based on natural products, highlighting an opportunity in this segment. Accordingly, a production process was developed using a multiple water/oil/water nanoemulsion containing oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare), employing a high-energy emulsification method. Two nanoemulsions were formulated, differing in the type of fixed oil used: mineral oil (NEM-MO) and soybean oil (NEM-SO). Organoleptic tests, centrifugation, and thermal stress confirmed the homogeneity of the dispersion phases. Physicochemical characterizations indicated colloidal system stability, with vesicle sizes measured at 83.08 ± 0.76 nm and 138.70 ± 0.26 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) values of 0.21 and 0.22, and zeta potential of -11.70 ± 0.61 mV for NEM-MO and NEM-SO, respectively. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed through contact time exposure tests at 15, 30, 60, and 300 seconds against mastitis isolates: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial performance of both nanoemulsions was similar, with S. aureus being more sensitive and E. coli more resistant. Consistent antibacterial activity was observed at 60 seconds, with 300 seconds being the most effective exposure time. Shorter durations were ineffective, indicating a time-dependent response. Notably, compared to the control, the results were promising—for instance, at 300 seconds, the control was only 13.33% more effective against S. aureus. In conclusion, the nanoemulsions demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting major mastitis pathogens, presenting a natural and safe alternative for teat hygiene management, especially in organic herds. Furthermore, the use of natural antiseptics is encouraged, as it contributes to reducing conventional antimicrobial usage, minimizing residue presence in milk, and promoting public health and food safety. This research advances sustainable solutions for mastitis control, reinforcing animal health, food security, and antimicrobial resistance mitigation.

Cervical cancer (CCU) continues to negatively impact women’s health, with an estimated 350,000 deaths per year worldwide. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main etiological agent of the disease, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair and cell cycle control may influence susceptibility to HPV infection and the progression of cervical lesions to CCU, but the impact of these SNPs differs among populations. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of the SNPs X-ray Repair Cross Complementing 1 (XRCC1, Arg399Gln, rs25487), Tumor Protein p53 (TP53, Arg72Pro, rs1042522), Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A, Ser31Arg, rs1801270), and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B, Val109Gly, rs2066827) with susceptibility to HPV infection and progression of cervical lesions in women from the state of Pernambuco (PE). To this end, an analytical observational case–control study was conducted, including 581 women. Paraffin-embedded uterine tissues from 282 women (experimental group) with a history of HPV infection, cervical lesions and/or CCU, obtained from the Municipal Public Health Laboratory of the Health Secretariat of Recife (LMSP/SS – Recife-PE), and cervicovaginal smears from 299 women (control group) without a history of HPV infection, cervical lesions or CCU, obtained from the biobank of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), were analyzed. XRCC1 (rs25487) and TP53 (rs1042522) SNPs were analyzed using the mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA-PCR) technique, and CDKN1A (rs1801270) and CDKN1B (rs2066827) SNPs using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results were evaluated as follows: (I) univariate analysis – genotypes GA (XRCC1) (OR = 3.89; 95% CI = 2.569–5.890; p < 0.0001), GC (TP53) (OR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.632–3.687; p < 0.0001), and AA (CDKN1A) (OR = 3.87; 95% CI = 2.455–6.113; p < 0.0001) revealed an increased risk for susceptibility to HPV infection, whereas the mutant GG (CDKN1B) (OR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.236–0.537; p < 0.0001) showed a protective effect. For the outcome of cervical lesions, only XRCC1 (rs25487) and TP53 (rs1042522) SNPs showed significant associations: AA (XRCC1) (OR = 36.00; 95% CI = 15.347–84.449; p < 0.0001) conferred increased risk, whereas CC (TP53) (OR = 0.049; 95% CI = 0.023–0.103; p < 0.0001) had a protective effect. (II) Analysis by skin color and age group: a significant association was observed only among women in the case group. The GA/AA variants of XRCC1 were more frequent among Black women and those aged ≥50 years. Black women showed lower odds of carrying GG than White women (OR = 0.045; 95% CI: 0.016–0.127; p < 0.0001), and the same pattern was observed for women aged ≥50 years compared with younger women (OR = 0.0516; 95% CI: 0.018–0.146; p < 0.0001), indicating an accumulation of GA/AA genotypes in these strata, with GG as the reference genotype. (III) Combined genotype analysis (cases vs. controls, for cervical lesion progression) showed that GA+AA/GG (XRCC1/TP53) was associated with increased risk (OR = 1.62; 95% CI = 1.021–2.566; p = 0.04), whereas the double wild-type GG/GG (XRCC1/TP53) (OR = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.022–0.102; p < 0.0001) showed a protective effect; combinations GA+AA/CC (XRCC1/CDKN1A) (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.121–0.386; p < 0.0001), GG/CA+AA (XRCC1/CDKN1A) (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.145–0.322; p < 0.0001), and the double wild-type GG/CC (XRCC1/CDKN1A) (OR = 0.11; 95% CI = 0.057–0.218; p < 0.0001) showed a protective effect; genotypes GA+AA/TT (XRCC1/CDKN1B) (OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.470–3.779; p < 0.0001) were associated with increased risk, whereas the combination GG/TG+GG (XRCC1/CDKN1B) (OR = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.120–0.333; p < 0.0001) showed a protective effect; combinations CA+AA/GG (CDKN1A/TP53) (OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.287–0.611; p < 0.0001), CC/GC+CC (CDKN1A/TP53) (OR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.132– 0.428; p < 0.0001), and the double wild-type CC/GG (CDKN1A/TP53) (OR = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.094–0.338; p < 0.0001) showed a protective effect; the combination TT/CA+AA (CDKN1B/CDKN1A) (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.171–0.633; p < 0.0001) was protective against lesions, whereas TG+GG/CC (CDKN1B/CDKN1A) (OR = 3.03; 95% CI = 2.051–4.477; p < 0.0001) was associated with increased risk; the double wild-type TT/GG (CDKN1B/TP53) (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.289–0.725; p < 0.0001) showed a protective effect, whereas the combination TG+GG/GG (CDKN1B/TP53) (OR = 2.41; 95% CI = 1.507–3.867; p < 0.0001) was associated with increased risk. (IV) Analysis of allelic interactions among XRCC1 (rs25487), TP53 (rs1042522), and CDKN1A (rs1801270) showed that the combinations A-G-A (OR = 6.36; 95% CI = 3.21–12.60; p = 1.1×10⁻⁷) and A-G-C (OR = 2.09; 95% CI = 1.44–5.86; p = 0.0029) were associated with an increased risk of cervical lesions, whereas the combinations G-G-A and G-GC had a protective effect. The findings of this study suggest that these SNPs may act as risk or protective biomarkers. This work provides data with the potential to advance scientific knowledge and contribute to improving strategies for the prevention and screening of HPV infection, the progression of cervical lesions, and the treatment of CCU, aiming to improve quality of life and increase the chances of cure for affected women.

The cauda equina syndrome is an acquired or congenital alteration, where the nerve fibers located in the lumbosacral vertebral canal are compressed, leading to an injury with intense inflammation and consequently to neurological and nociceptive changes in the patient. The treatment for this disease is based on medication, surgery and/or physical therapy aimed at removing the underlying cause and reducing inflammation. However, recovery is not always fast or practical, considering the cause and severity of the injury, management and established therapy. In addition, there are cases of patients who also have associations with osteoarticular diseases, making the recovery process even more complex, such as hip dysplasia or intervertebral disc disease. Some alternative treatments have been studied to improve the prognosis of cases, such as stem cells, which have shown to be very promising regarding the functions they play in the recovery of joint injuries, soft tissues and even neurological tissues such as the medulla itself, for example. acquired conditions such as trauma or congenital conditions, such as juvenile hip dysplasia. In view of this, the present work had as its main objective to use Mesenchymal Stem Cells, obtained from adipose tissue of dogs, in patients with cauda equina syndrome, diagnosed by imaging tests and who present evident clinical symptoms of the disease. All the mechanisms that these cells can play in adult tissue are still not completely clear, but with the knowledge already acquired and with the results of the animals in the present work, cell therapy can be a tool as an adjuvant to conventional therapy or, depending on the cases, as an alternative in the treatment of Cauda-Equina Syndrome in dogs.

Studies using mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in veterinary ophthalmology demonstrate a reduction in the early inflammatory reaction of local corneal cells and innate immunity cells through paracrine mechanisms, in addition to benefits such as reduced ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia and demonstrate that when there is its use in the acute phase of trauma, there is greater local angiogenesis, less chance of opacity, in addition to better and faster healing of the corneal lesion, in addition to presenting lower and significant levels of formation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) , group of cytokines capable of causing cell death. Regenerative medicine using cell therapy brings new opportunities for treatments in veterinary medicine and ophthalmology, thinking about patients and improving the standard of quality of life of those affected by diseases, bringing possibilities little applied in veterinary therapy, which when compared to the enormous casuistry of corneal injury, resulting in the urgency to observe it in a better applied way. After administration of 0.5x106 cells/mL into the subconjunctival sac of the eye with ulcer in the experimental models, with the first group (G1 – N=8) applied 1 hour after injury, the second group (G2 – N=8), applied cells 24 hours after injury and control groups, containing 8 animals for group G1, 8 animals for group G2 and 8 animals for comparison in a general control group, totaling 40 animals. A reduction in ulcers was observed within 48 hours in all animals that received stem cell application (16 animals), regardless of the time of injury, with 1 hour of MSC application or 24 hours of cell application. In addition to the reduction of ulcerative lesions, it was noted macroscopically that there was no additional process to the injury or recovery process, such as: conjunctival discharge, opacity, neovascularization, blepharospasm or pigmentation, throughout the entire evaluation process.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is the most common possible cause of preventable intellectual and congenital disabilities yet remains without established treatments. The study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of essential oils (EOs) from Syzygium aromaticum (SEO), Thymus vulgaris (TEO), Origanum vulgare (OEO), and Carum carvi (CEO) and their binary mixtures against the toxic effects of embryonic ethanol (EtOH) exposure during early development in a FASD zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. For this, co-exposure to EtOH (150 mM) and EOs and their mixtures (0.5-1 mg/L) was performed for 6 or 22 hours. Response variables were epiboly at 8 hpf (hours post-fertilization), mortality at 24 hpf, overall development at 24 hpf, and hatching rate at 24 to 96 hpf. An invention patent (IP) for a device for behavioral analyses in zebrafish, a utility model patent (UM) for a three-dimensional teaching model of zebrafish with FASD phenotype, and an industrial design (ID) for three-dimensional teaching models of zebrafish under normal conditions and with FASD phenotype were also developed. As expected, the DMSO used for EOs dissolution did not alter epiboly (74.51% ± 5.22). EtOH delayed epiboly (59.11% ± 6.68). Only SEO + TEO showed complete protection (69.41% ± 6.82) against the toxic effects of EtOH on epiboly, while their isolated OEs provided partial protection. Therefore, SEO, TEO, and SEO + TEO were selected for further analyses. There were no changes in mortality rate at 24 hpf, which remained ≤ 10% in all experimental groups analyzed. For the evaluation of overall development at 24 hpf, 7 stages (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S7) were established based on periods with intervals between 10-24 hpf of zebrafish. For analysis, the stage with the highest percentage of animals per group was considered, with groups predominantly classified in S7 being considered to have preserved development. DMSO did not alter development at 24 hpf (100% at E7). EtOH delayed development at 24 hpf (62.86% at E2). SEO (68.57% at E4), TEO (62.86% at E3), and SEO + TEO (60% at E4) showed partial protection against the toxic effects of EtOH on development at 24 hpf, with SEO and SEO + TEO being more efficient. Regarding the hatching rate, DMSO did not alter hatching (92.75% ± 2.52). EtOH delayed hatching (13.37% ± 0.89). SEO (45.89% ± 2.90), TEO (47.61% ± 4.64), and SEO + TEO (48.36% ± 8.70) showed partial protection against the toxic effects of EtOH on hatching, with no significant differences among them. The PI, MU, and DI were deposited/registered at the National Institute of Industrial Property. It is concluded that zebrafish is suitable for studies involving the analysis of toxic effects of embryonic exposure to EtOH, and that SEO and TEO can be used as therapeutic agents with partial protection, with SEO + TEO being more efficient. Additionally, it is expected that with the IP, contributions will be made to the development of research, and with the UM and ID, to translational science and raising awareness of the topic.

Domestic animals are directly and indirectly involved in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi. These protozoa have significant importance in the production chain, like apicomplexans, causing economic losses in livestock farming. They are also relevant to public health due to the risk of transmission to humans, given the zoonotic potential of three of these agents. Given the scarcity of studies on the prevalence of antibodies against T. gondii, N. caninum, L. infantum, and T. cruzi in the Brazilian Northeast, particularly in the city of Recife - PE, it is of utmost importance to identify the presence of antibodies against these protozoa in dogs from this region. Samples were collected from 210 dogs of both sexes, different breeds, and ages, and assessed using the Indirect Immunofluorescence (IFI) technique. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. A prevalence of 41.0% (86/210) for T. gondii antibodies, 38.6% (81/210) for N. caninum antibodies, and a co-infection rate of 18.6% (31/210) were observed in the city of Recife. Specific regions stood out with a higher number of seroreactive animals for T. gondii (Macaxeira, Ibura, Várzea, and Engenho do Meio) and N. caninum (Água Fria, Jardim São Paulo, and San Martin), highlighting geographical discrepancies in the prevalence of these parasites. Statistical analysis pointed out the predominance of T. gondii in the North zone and N. caninum in the South and West zones, although without statistically significant differences. Regarding co-infections, despite a predominance in the West zone, no statistically relevant differences were observed. This study is the first to report the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum antibodies and co-infections between both agents in dogs from Recife, Pernambuco. The results indicate the exposure of these animals to infections by these agents in different areas of the city. Further studies are suggested to cover other unexplored locations, aiming to complement this data. This is essential to support the development of prevention and control strategies to avoid potential future problems, such as economic losses and risks to public health.

Brazil has several economically profitable activities, among which the agricultural axis stands out. The raising of chickens (Gallus domesticus) to obtain animal products is carried out at varying levels of technology, with the birds being particularly exposed to infectious agents when raised in a free-living environment in direct contact with soil. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite with worldwide distribution and capable of parasitizing several homeothermic species, and which is of great importance due to its zoonotic potential. Considering the low technnification of family chicken-farming environments, which often allows contact between the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii and domestic chickens, it is important to evaluate the circulation of this parasite amongst this animal population and, also, its viability. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify T. gondii from tissues of domestic chickens raised extensively and intended for human consumption. Blood and tissue samples were collected from 25 chickens destined for slaughter. Initially, the Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFAT) technique was used as screening to detect antibodies anti-T. gondii. The positive animals at the cutoff point of 1:16 had their tissues (brain, heart and liver) subjected to the Bioassay in a murine model, using Swiss-Webster mice. The inoculated mice were evaluated for a 45 days period, and on the thirtieth day post-inoculation, a blood sample was collected from each inoculated mouse to detect antibodies anti-T. gondii by IFAT. Animals were euthanized on day 45 p.i. and those positive at the cutoff point of 1:16 had their brains evaluated for T. gondii cysts and subsequently inoculated into an in vitro culture of MA-104 (ATCC® CRL-2378.1) cells. Aliquots of mouse tissue and cell culture were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for confirmation through detection of the ITS-1 gene. A frequency of 68.00% (17/25) of anti-T. gondii in the evaluated chickens, which resulted in a seroconversion of 64.70% (22/34) in the inoculated mice. Seven T. gondii isolates were obtained, confirmed by molecular assays. From the results obtained, the presence and viability of T. gondii cysts in chickens intended for human consumption is reported. This occurrence reflects the status of environmental contamination, providing data regarding the circulation of a zoonotic agent of severe importance for public health.

This research aimed to detect ranaviruses in free-living amphibians (anura order) located in the Mata do Tapacurá Integral Protection Unit, situated in São Lourenço da Mata, in the state of Pernambuco. The collection sessions took place in July 2022 and March 2023. A total of 36 anurans of 9 different species and both sexes were collected by manual capture, euthanized and then dissected to collect the organs of interest: kidneys, liver and spleen. Polymerase Chain Reaction (conventional PCR) was used to detect ranavirus genomic DNA. In the analysis of the DNA fragments produced in the PCR, suspicious samples were detected and DNA of the same molecular weight was amplified in relation to the positive control. The suspicious samples were submitted to nested PCR test. The presence of ranavirus DNA was not confirmed in the samples analyzed, so the diagnosis of ranavirus infection was dismissed. In addition to this research, an integrative literature review was also carried out, with the aim of gathering and systematizing existing knowledge on ranavirus infection in amphibians. A total of 68 articles were evaluated, and epidemiological data on distribution, prevalence, and circulating species/episodes were analyzed and described. This work highlights the importance of this emerging pathogen for the world's herpetofauna.

The growing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly methods in the synthesis of nanoparticles has driven biotechnology research. This study addresses the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using filamentous microorganisms isolated from the Caatinga region, such as fungi and actinomycetes. With the exception of isolated fungi, filamentous microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces demonstrated effectiveness in the synthesis of AgNPs, as confirmed by spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. Surface plasmon resonance analysis, with consequent change in the UV-vis optical absorption band, showed peaks in the region at length 410-420nm. The zeta potential showed the AgNPs containing a single peak in the range of -6.46 mV to -26.9 mV. The nanoparticles presented adequate physical and structural characteristics, highlighting their potential application in different sectors. In the evaluation of biological properties, AgNPs demonstrated antimicrobial activity against agricultural pathogens and infectious agents common in livestock. Excellent results were observed when tested against the Nasutitermes corniger termite and, especially when associated with the aqueous extract of Cassia grandis, a plant widely found in the Sertão of Pernambuco. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by filamentous microorganisms isolated from the Caatinga offers an eco-friendly and efficient approach. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited promising termitecidal properties, suggesting their potential application in agriculture for the control and promotion of soil and vegetation health. This study highlights the importance of regional biodiversity in the search for innovative solutions to agricultural challenges, promoting sustainability and preservation of the local ecosystem.

Ticks are the main vectors of pathogens in animals and humans, and
billions of dollars are spent annually to control them. The zoonotic potential
of the Dermacentor nitens vector mainly affects equids. Essential oils
individually, combined, as well as nanoformulations are a potent ecological,
economical, dose-reducing and less toxic alternative for non-target
organisms. In the literature, no reports of tick-killing essential oils
nanoemulsified in Dermacentor nitens were found, so the objective of this
dissertation was to develop a nanoemulsion based on the association of
essential oils and evaluate its stability and acaricide effect in vitro. A
selection with the essential oils of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), Vetiver
(Chrysopogon zizanioides), Basil (Ocimum basilicum), Lemongrass
(Cymbopogon citratus), Laurel (Laurus nobilis) and Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris) was fulfilled to evaluate tick activity using the immersion test with
better efficacy in Dermacentor nitens teleogynes. The combination of the
best oils was evaluated by augmented Simplex-centroid mixture planning.
Then, the nanoemulsions of the best combination were produced with
cashew gum at high and low energy, characterized and evaluated their
stability and acaricide effect. The results obtained demonstrated that
Vetiver, Lemongrass and Basil showed tick-killing activity. However, no
synergy or antagonism was observed in the statistical analysis of binary and
tertiary mixtures. Being the only one with a product efficacy above 95%,
Vetiver was nanoemulsified. The low-energy nanoemulsion showed stability
and efficacy of 100%. This nanoemulsion could be a base for the
development of innovative formulations and their application in the
veterinary parasitology field. Therefore, more research is needed on the
possible optimizations of the nanoemulsion and the combined use of
essential oils, the effect of cashew gum on the tick, as well as on the
applicability in the field and on a large scale.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that results in persistent hyperglycemia
resulting from a lack of insulin or failures in its action. This disorder is generally
accompanied by changes in cellular redox state signaling pathways that result in
inflammatory responses and subsequently in morphological damage to tissues and
organs, complications associated with diabetes. Given the damage that DM causes to
patients, many studies have been testing alternative therapies that can reduce these
complications, such as tissue hyperoxygenation. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT)
involves inhaling pure oxygen at high pressure. From this, the objective of this work is
to evaluate the effects of (HBOT) on the pre-clinical, morphological, inflammatory and
oxidative parameters of the duodenum of diabetic rats. In this work, 32 Wistar rats
aged 60 days, weighing around 220-270g, were used. The animals remained housed in
polypropylene boxes where they received food and water ad libitum. The sample was
distributed into four experimental groups: control group composed of healthy animals
(C), control group treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (C+HBOT), diabetic group
without treatment (D) and diabetic group treated with oxygen therapy (D+HBOT). It
was used inside the chamber at 2.5 absolute atmospheres (ATA) at a rate of 2
ATA/min and maintained at that pressure for 60 min. The chamber was ventilated
with 100% O2 at a flow rate of 20 L/min in order to minimize CO2 accumulation. After
euthanasia, the entire duodenum was removed, where 5 centimeters were allocated
for histomorphometric, immunohistochemical and stereological analyzes and 2
centimeters for marking reactive oxygen species (ROS) with a DHE probe. It was found
that HBOT improved polyphagia in the D+HBOT group versus D, reversing changes in
the reference volume of the duodenal lumen and absolute volume of the submucosa.
It also improved the expression of Caspase-3, VEGF, SOD-1 AND GPX in the D+HBOT
group versus D. From the results we concluded that hyperoxygenation in this study
was not able to reduce blood glucose, but had positive effects at the tissue level,
reducing morphological changes in volume as well as improving the expression of
proteins involved in apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress.

Schistosomiasis, is a parasitic disease caused by trematodes of the Schistosoma, affecting approximately 250 million people worldwide. In Brazil, Schistosoma mansoni is the etiological agent responsible for the condition, and its cycle is characterized by the involvement of humans as definitive hosts and molluscs of the genus Biomphalaria as intermediate hosts. Schistosomiasis represents a critical Public Health challenge in the country, being endemic in several areas, especially in the Northeast region. The aim of this study was: 1) to carry out a space-time analysis and evaluate the influence of epidemiological factors on the occurrence of Schistosomiasis in the Microregion of Garanhuns - Pernambuco; 2) identify water collections that pose a risk in the transmission of Schistosomiasis, evaluate aquatic malacofauna and infection in molluscs by Schistosoma mansoni; 3) to develop an educational mobile application about parasitic zoonoses. To this end, a retrospective analysis was conducted using secondary data from the Schistosomiasis Surveillance and Control Program's Information System (SISPCE) between 2009 and 2019, covering 11 municipalities in the Microregion of Garanhuns. The information was analyzed using descriptive statistics and utilized to generate a Sankey diagram. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis with Poisson distribution was carried out to establish the impact of population, mean income per person, and number of health buildings on the occurrence of disease. Out of 277,351 fecal analyses, 2,5% (6.921/277.351) cases were diagnosed in all municipalities. Bom Conselho, Garanhuns, and Correntes had the highest number of cases. After conducting logistic regression, it was found that the occurrence of the disease was influenced by epidemiological factors, but the trends varied among the different municipalities. The malacological collections occurred between 2020 and 2022 in the rural community of Quilombo Castainho (Garanhuns). The collected molluscs were identified and examined using light exposure and PCR to detect the parasite's DNA. A total of 925 molluscs were collected, identified as Biomphalaria glabrata (711/925), Biomphalaria straminea (134/925) and Biomphalaria sp. (80/925). Only B. glabrata (8/711) was found positive for S. mansoni infection. In addition to the epidemiological study, a mobile application called Parasitour® was developed, available for Android/iOS, which contains the primary information on parasitic zoonoses in Brazil and a database of recently published manuscripts. The mobile application was developed in the JavaScript programming language using the React Native library. For the treatment and storage of data, two support systems designed in the Visual Studio Code editor were developed and based on the agile project management methodology. Ultimately, effective disease control must be based on the One Health approach with integrated measures focusing on environmental management, treatment of human patients, and health education. Health education is essential in disseminating accurate information, enabling people to care for their health, adopt healthy practices and improve their quality of life.

Research on the perinatology of broad-snouted caimans (Caiman latirostris) aims to study the morphological, physiological, and behavioral dynamics of these animals from hatching to their early days of life. This is crucial for making decisions that seek to maintain the conservation status and/or increase the zootechnical value of those bred in captivity. For this purpose, the use of diagnostic imaging tools such as computed tomography can assist in the early diagnosis of conditions, based on the estimation of species-specific normality parameters. The objective of this study was to define a tomographic pattern for the lungs and liver of healthy free-living C. latirostris offspring. For lung studies, 15 animals underwent tomographic examination, where parenchymal radiodensity was evaluated using the histogram technique (-886.39 ± 19.66 HU) and total volume (3.72 ± 0.76 cm³), measured by isolating structures with radiographic attenuation between -1023 and -205 HU. For hepatic evaluation, 14 animals were studied, and a parenchymal radiodensity value of 26.01 ± 3.95 HU was obtained. As an additional data point, the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase was assayed in these animals, generating values of 193.85 ± 34.53 UI/l. These data can serve as a preliminary basis for establishing reference values for the parameters studied in C. latirostris offspring.

Milk plays an essential role in the Brazilian agribusiness economy. However, bovine mastitis, mainly caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, poses a concern due to economic losses and challenges in control, especially because of antibiotic resistance. To address these challenges, the use of vegetable oils as a phytotherapeutic alternative has been explored, focusing on their antimicrobial efficacy. However, the direct application of these oils is limited, leading to the use of nanotechnological approaches to improve their bioavailability. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of essential oils, such as lemongrass, thyme, and oregano, against Staphylococcus aureus strains through agar disk diffusion testing, followed by the production and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chitosan nanoparticles containing these essential oils against S. aureus strains. Nine formulations were produced, three for each essential oil. The MIC was determined for both the essential oils and the produced nanoparticles (NPs). Lemongrass NPs (C1), thyme NPs (T3), and oregano NPs (O3) obtained MICs of 2,500 µg/mL, 1,250 µg/mL, and 156 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, this study investigated the toxicity of these essential oils on zebrafish embryos and larvae. The results showed that all three essential oils caused a reduction in epiboly, indicating an impact on embryonic development. LC50 values were calculated for lemongrass (3.7 µg/mL), thyme (14.4 µg/mL), and oregano (5.3 µg/mL). Morphometric analysis revealed a reduction in the standard length of larvae at higher concentrations of all essential oils. Furthermore, exposure to essential oils resulted in alterations in the swimming behavior of zebrafish larvae during locomotor testing. These findings underscore the need for a cautious approach in the use of essential oils, especially during early developmental stages, raising concerns about the risks associated with excessive and unsupervised use of these compounds. However, they also reveal that nanotechnological products produced from essential oils can serve as a therapeutic alternative in combating diseases such as bovine mastitis, providing a phytotherapeutic approach that aligns with the global demand for reducing and replacing antibiotic use.

The objective of this research was to study the profile of phenotypic and genotypic resistance to antimicrobials in isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from commercial broiler and layer chickens, as well as Escherichia coli and S. aureus in meat samples (beef, pork and chicken) “in natura” sold in the city of Recife, Pernambuco. The study was carried out on 200 samples of cloacal and tracheal swabs collected from 100 broiler chickens and 100 commercial layers in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Meat samples were collected in all eight Health Districts of the City of Recife. Meat samples were collected in all eight Health Districts of the City of Recife. 120 samples of “in natura” meat were collected, being (40) beef, (40) pork and (40) chicken in commercial establishments (markets, butchers and open-air markets). Of the 200 swab samples analyzed, after isolation and molecular testing with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), 5/200 (2.5%) samples were identified as S. aureus, all coming from commercial layers. Of these, 100% (5/5) presented the norA and norC genes, 3/5 (60%) presented the msrA gene, 1/5 (20%) presented the blaZ gene and 1 (20%) presented the mecC gene. In meat samples, 150 colonies of the genus Staphylococcus were isolated and, after phenotypic and molecular analysis, 10 isolates of S. aureus were identified, of which 7/10 (70%) came from pork and 3/10 (30%) from beef. of chicken and all isolates were multiresistant. Of the isolates, 10/10 (100%) presented the norC gene, 9/10 (90%) presented tet 38 and 6/10 (60%) and the norA and blaZ genes. In the PFGE technique, 8 different pulse types were detected, 2 of which had a similarity of 100; the first clone was present in 2 pork samples and the second clone was present in both pork and chicken meat. In the 40 Escherichia coli isolates, it was observed that 23/40 (57.5%) showed phenotypic resistance to extended-spectrum beta-lactams. In the genotypic tests, 23/40 (57.5%) presented the blaTEM gene and 21/40 (52.5%) the blaSHV gene. It is concluded that there is a great need for intervention and health education with guidance to veterinarians and producers regarding the rational use of antibiotics, making intervention by human and animal health bodies necessary to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Deltamethrin (DM) is a widely used pyrethroid insecticide in agriculture, veterinary medicine, and public health. Exposure to this insecticide poses an imminent risk to pregnant women and fetuses, potentially resulting in congenital malformations. In this context, the study of less toxic insecticides such as botanical insecticides serve as alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of synthetic insecticides like deltamethrin and botanicals as potential less toxic substitutes on the biological parameters of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) and to identify substances with protective action against fetal deltamethrin intoxication using zebrafish embryos as an animal model. Adult animals were exposed for 70 days to synthetic and botanical insecticides where behavioral parameters were evaluated. Furthermore, embryos were exposed to concentrations of 100 - 1000 μg/L of deltamethrin where three experiments were conducted to develop a model of fetal DM intoxication using zebrafish. Finally, experiments were conducted with folic acid (FA) and vitamin A (nVA) as therapeutic agents against fetal DM intoxication. Exposure of adult zebrafish to deltamethrin resulted in 100% mortality of the animals, and mixtures containing deltamethrin altered behavior. Exposure to essential oils mainly altered foraging behavior. Epiboly was assessed at 8 h, and teratogenic effects and mortality were evaluated after 22 and 46 h of exposure. A dose-dependent reduction in epiboly was observed in the zebrafish embryo model for fetal deltamethrin intoxication. The percentage of epiboly in the experimental group of 500 μg/L was 55%. Animals exposed for 22 and 46 h to deltamethrin exhibited pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, spinal deformation, and tail deformation in embryos and larvae. Treatments with vitamin A (96.67%) and folic acid + vitamin A (91.11%) protected against fetal DM intoxication, showing a significant increase in animals without teratogenic effects. Besides protecting animals in terms of improved behavioral and morphometric parameters against fetal DM intoxication, we concluded that synthetic insecticides and essential oils can alter adult zebrafish behavior. Among the tested insecticides, deltamethrin was the most toxic. However, essential oil mixtures may be promising in insect control due to their low toxicity to fish. Regarding zebrafish as a model of fetal intoxication, a concentration of 500 μg/L and 22 h of exposure caused toxic effects during embryonic development, making it the best concentration and time for proposing a model for research in health and the discovery of substances with
protective action for the fetus. Based on the findings, it was possible to conclude that FA, vitamin A, and FA + nVA were effective in protecting zebrafish in epiboly, embryo-larval development such as reducing teratogenic effects and animal behavior against DM intoxication. nVA and FA + nVA were the most promising in the treatment against fetal DM intoxication.

Tortoise farming has become popular in recent years. This approach between humans and these animals has some implications, as these animals can spread pathogens in the residential environment. This work aims to verify the yeast-like mycobiota of Chelonoidis carbonaria in unconventional PET conditions, evaluating the relationship of species richness between collection sites, season, microclimate, altitude and sex, in addition to verifying the resistance of these yeasts to antifungals. This mycobiota was collected using cloacal swabs from forty individuals from two locations with different microclimates. The yeasts were identified through evaluation of their macro and microscopic characteristics, chromagar and Maldi-TOF. Fifteen different yeasts were identified. Geotrichum spp., Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Geotrichum silvicola being the most common. There was a significant difference in the number of species between seasons and collection sites, but there was no difference between sexes. All yeasts were sensitive to amphotericin-B, one was resistant to nystatin, one was sensitive to itraconazole and four were resistant to fluconazole. These animals have a great potential to disperse infectious agents, as they have opportunistic yeasts in their mycobiota with great pathogenic potential. Other studies comparing the mycobiota of these animals with other free-living animals can better clarify the real potential of these animals as dispersers.

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are opportunistic microorganisms that play an important role in the spread of resistance to antimicrobials among humans, animals, the environment, and food, being considered an important public health problem. Culturally important food for the northeast region, which has been gaining ground in the rest of Brazil, is artisanal coalho cheese. However, as it is produced with raw milk and undergoes considerable manipulation in its production and commercialization, this product is more likely to be contaminated by these microorganisms. Thus, the objective of this work was to phenotypically and genotypically characterize strains of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from samples of artisanal coalho cheese sold in establishments located close to basic health units distributed in the eight health districts of the city of Recife - PE. A total of 129 samples were collected and suspected strains of S. aureus and E. coli were isolated. The identification of these isolates was carried out by biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction, 16S rRNA technique, and Spatyping. Then, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance tests were carried out using disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration tests, and finally, complete genome sequencing of these isolates was carried out using a sequencing technique. A total of 73 strains of S. aureus and seven of E. coli were isolated. Spatypes t11521 (23.91%), t701 (17.39%), and t359 (6.52%) were detected in S. aureus isolates; the enterotoxin genes sei, seq, sem, seo, seu, sen, sek, and seg, representing 2.17% of isolates, respectively, and seh (8.69%). The virulence genes hlgA (100%), hlgB (100%), hlgC (100%), lukD (97.82%), lukE (97.82%), lukF-PV and lukS-PV (4.34% ) both, and the tst gene (2.17%). Regarding phenotypic resistance, 100% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, 90.41% were resistant to cefotaxime, 100% to penicillin G, 64.38% to erythromycin, 73.97% to 73.97% clindamycin, 68.49% to tetracycline and 5.47% to cefoxitin, these being considered methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates. The most frequent resistance genes in S. aureus isolates are the blaZ (53.57%) and tet(38) (80.35%) genes. The mecA gene was detected in 4.44% and the msrA gene in 4.44% of the isolates. Furthermore, seven strains of E. coli were isolated, considered non-pathogenic, in which the virulence genes csgA (100%), fdeC (66.66%), fimH (66.66%), gad (66.66%), hlyE (100%), iss (100%), lpfA (33.33%), terC (100%), sitA (66.66%), yehA (66.66%), yehB (66.66 %), YehC (100%) and yehD (100%) were detected. Furthermore, 100% of these isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, with resistance to gentamicin (57.14%) and ciprofloxacin 85.81% being observed most frequently. The blaEC resistance gene was the only one detected in these isolates. Therefore, the presence of strains resistant to antibiotics detected in artisanal coalho cheese sold in Recife represents a health risk because this might represent another environment for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. 

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest challenges in contemporary public health, particularly concerning Staphylococcus aureus, a significant pathogen in hospital and community settings. This study aimed to investigate antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from humans, animals, and the environment in primary health care units (UBS) and their surroundings in the city of Recife-PE. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses were conducted to characterize the resistance profiles of the isolated strains. Additionally, the study employed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the identification of non-aureus Staphylococcus species in health and companion animals. This approach allowed for rapid and accurate identification of bacterial species, contributing to a better understanding of the epidemiology of these infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The results showed a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant isolates, highlighting the importance of robust control and prevention strategies to mitigate the spread of these strains. The detection of resistance genes and the genetic typing of multidrug-resistant strains provided valuable insights into the dynamics of antimicrobial resistance and the potential dissemination between humans and animals. This study significantly contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of antimicrobial resistance, offering crucial data for the development of more effective control and prevention strategies. The integrated approach used emphasizes the importance of the interaction between humans, animals, and the environment in the epidemiology of infections caused by S. aureus and other Staphylococcus species.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasites of the genus
Leishmania. This disease shows two main forms: visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and
tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL). The different clinical sub-forms of TL are associated
with the different species of Leishmania, as well as the genetic, nutritional and/or
immunological factors of the host. The immune response plays an important role in
defense, since an exacerbated Th1 response leads to tissue damage and the persistence
of the lesion. The therapeutic strategies used have shown low efficacy, high toxicity,
adverse effects, lack of immunomodulation, parasite resistance and difficulty in
administering the drug. Therapeutic alternatives using natural products can improve the
therapeutic regimen, and microalgae have shown potential results, which can be
explained by the diversity of metabolites such as carbohydrates, terpenes and proteins,
including lectins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the bioactives of
the microalga C. vulgaris as an adjuvant to the current therapy for American
Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. C. vulgaris (UTEX 1803) was cultivated in Bold Basal
medium supplemented with 1% corn steep liquor, concentrated, resuspended in 0.15 M
Tris-HCl-NaCl, pH 7.5 at 50 mg/mL, sonicated using ten 1 min pulses with a 1 min
interval. The liquid fraction obtained was called cell extract (CE). The proteins present
in the CE were precipitated by adding 0-60% ammonium sulphate and purified by anion
exchange chromatography. The specificity of the lectin (CVU) to carbohydrates was
determined by its ability to reduce hemagglutinating activity (HA) with 10 mM of D-
fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-glucosamine, D-rafinose and L-arabinose. The
effects of temperature variation on the protein were verified at 40 to 70°C for 30, 60 and
90 minutes and in relation to pH in the 7-12 range, while the effect of ions on the
protein was determined with 10 mM of MgSO 4 , Na 2 S 2 O and CaCl 2. EC (39.06 to 1250
µg/mL), CVU (4.68 to 150 µg/mL) and Glucantime® (7.8 to 250 µg/mL) were
evaluated for their inhibitory potential (IC 50 ) in L. braziliensis promastigote cells (strain
MHOM/BR/1975/M2903) at a concentration of 3.10 6 for 48h and the ultrastructural
analysis of the treated parasites was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The cytotoxicity (CC 50 ) of EC (140 to 2250 µg/mL), CVU (4.68 to 150 µg/mL) and
Glucantime® (25 to 400 µg/mL) was verified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
(PBMC) at a concentration of 1.10 6 for 24h, as well as in macrophage cells (J774.A1)
with EC (14.06 to 450 µg/mL), CVU (4.5 to 72 µg/mL) and Glucantime® (25 to 400
µg/mL) at a concentration of 1.10 5 for 24h. The selectivity indices (SI) of EC, CVU and
Glucantime® were calculated from the ratio of CC 50 (50% cytotoxic concentration in
PBMC and macrophages) to IC 50 against the promastigote forms of L. braziliensis. CVU
showed affinity for the carbohydrates tested, except glucose and raffinose. From these
results it was possible to understand the specificity of the protein domain and its
interaction with the Leishmania parasite membrane. CVU lost activity at 60°C and pH
above 8, showing that CVU may be more efficient at temperatures below 60°C and
neutral pH. CVU activity was reduced by Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ and Na + ions, which shows that the
protein has a greater interaction with these ions. EC was used on L. braziliensis
promastigote cells, which showed inhibition of 48.52% at 156.25 µg/mL and 68.86% at

312.5 µg/mL, obtaining an IC 50 value of 161.4 µg/mL. CVU showed an IC 50 value of
66.32 µg/mL, which can be attributed to the presence of galactose residues, a
carbohydrate for which CVU showed affinity. The reference drug used (Glucantime®)
inhibited the growth of promastigotes with an IC 50 value of 129.18 µg/mL. SEM
analysis showed that the untreated promastigote cells had an elongated, fusiform cell
body, while the cells treated with EC and CVU had a rounded morphology, reduced
flagella and cell shrinkage. These alterations can cause a reduction in the parasite&#39;s
mobility and impact on its survival. The CC 50 in PBMC of EC was 1210 µg/mL, of
CVU 116.9 µg/mL, while that of Glucantime® was &gt;400 µg/mL. EC, CVU and
Glucantime® exhibited IS for PBMC of 7.49, 1.76 and &gt;3, respectively. The CC 50 in
macrophages of EC was 220.98 µg/mL, CVU 35.73 µg/mL, while that of Glucantime®
was &gt;400 µg/mL. EC, CVU and Glucantime® exhibited IS for macrophages of 1.01,
1.15 and &gt;3, respectively. The cell extract showed a higher selectivity index when
compared to the reference drug; the complex mixture of molecules in the cell extract of
the microalgae C. vulgaris may act synergistically to perform anti-Leishmania activity.
The microalgae C. vulgaris has the potential to be explored as a candidate for new anti-
Leishmania drugs, which offers possibilities for research using natural products for the
treatment of neglected diseases.

The integrated approach aims to unite the different elements that value prevention and health promotion, as well as the treatment of diseases. The prevention of neglected diseases such as sporotrichosis and toxoplasmosis has been a topic of discussion in the health systems of several countries. These diseases, although different in their etiology and symptoms, present characteristics of complexity for Public Health, since they have a great impact on people's quality of life and on the health system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance to antifungals in isolates of Sporothrix brasiliensis from samples of dogs and cats, as well as to investigate the occurrence of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in dogs and cats in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Pernambuco, and to evaluate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in humans, especially in pregnant women and newborns. Sixty-three isolates of Sporothrix brasiliensis were analyzed, each isolate was evaluated in its filamentous and yeast forms, with the aim of evaluating the sensitivity of the fungus to antifungals in both growth phases, using broth microdilution (MIC) methods based on the reference protocols M38-A2 and M27-A3 recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Terbinafine-sensitive isolates with geometric mean (GM) of 0.04 μg/ml for the mycelium form and 0.05 μg/ml for the yeast form were identified. Amphotericin was the antifungal agent with the highest MG of the MIC for the filamentous phase (2.0671 μg/ml) and for the yeast phase, itraconazole presented the highest MG (2.6918 μg/ml). A total of 625 blood samples were collected (364 from felines and 261 from canines) and analyzed by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA). The results indicated seropositivity in 26.64% of cats and 18.39% of dogs, with a higher prevalence in the cities of Recife and Jaboatão dos Guararapes. The cohabitation of dogs with cats, which are the main definitive hosts of the parasite, suggests that dogs may act as epidemiological sentinels, reflecting environmental contamination and the potential risk to humans. The study also identified a significant prevalence of toxoplasmosis cases in pregnant women, which highlights the importance of monitoring and controlling the disease in vulnerable human populations. The knowledge obtained in this study may contribute to generating important epidemiological information and may help to direct specific control and prevention measures for these regions.

In the present study, the influence of the CFL lectin from Cratylia argentea was evaluated on: A) clearance of L. monocytogenes in the blood, peritoneal fluid, spleen, liver, brain and lung of infected mice; B) migration of leukocytes in the blood of infected animals; C) intracellular bacterial clearance in primary cultures of infected macrophages; D) in the prevention of histological damage from spleen, liver, brain and lung infection; E) in the gene expression of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and other inflammatory mediators; F) activation of T lymphocytes using flow cytometry; G) combined treatment with antibiotics of the infection in vivo.

IN CONFIDENTIALITY DUE OF PATENT

Different species of Kalanchoe are employed as medicinal plants in various cultures, where they contain various phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids with antioxidant potential. Thus, the objective was to optimize the extraction process of phenolic compounds from aranto (Kalanchoe crenata), using central compound planning and the evaluation of the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of the obtained extracts. For the selection of variables, a 24 factorial design was employed with variation in sonication time, initial pH, concentration of cranberry, and water:alcohol ratio. Thus, the variables with significant effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds were employed in the optimization. The obtained extracts were submitted to the determination of phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential against DPPH, ABTS radicals and chelation with Cu2+ and Fe2+. The levels of phenolic compounds obtained ranged from 55 to 460 mg gallic acid equivalents.mL-1, with a significant increase after optimization. The variables sonication time and concentration of aranto were significant for extraction of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the obtained extracts showed antioxidant potential against DPPH and ABTS radical sequestration and chelating with Cu2+ and Fe2+, with an increase after optimization. Regarding the antioxidant potential, the minimum inhibitory concentrations observed were 25; 12.5; and 50 mg.mL-1 against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Finally, Kalanchoe crenata extracts showed significant antioxidant and antibacterial potential, which may indicate possible application in food and pharmaceutical formulations.

he objective of this research was to analyze the effects of melatonin administration on the heart of rats induced to diabetes. Twenty albino males of the Wistar lineage, 70 days old, from the Vivarium of the Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology at UFRPE, were used, divided into the following groups: Control: rats without induced diabetes; Diabetic: rats induced to diabetes; Diabetic + insulin: induced diabetes and treated with insulin; Diabetic + melatonia: induced diabetes and treated with melatonin. All treatments lasted 30 days. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin at a dose of 60 mg / kg ip, and melatonin at a dose of 10 mg / kg ip. Insulin was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 5 IU/day. In the histopathological analysis, diabetic and diabetic animals + insulin showed significant disorganization and vacuolation of cardiomyocytes with scores above 2 (moderate to extensive degeneration of cardiomyocytes with diffuse infiltration of inflammatory cells) and 1 (mild; degeneration of cardiomyocytes with discreet infiltration of inflammatory cells ), respectively. Morphometric analysis revealed that diabetic animals showed increased heart wall thickness, reduced lumen and higher lumen/wall thickness ratio. In addition, these animals showed greater marking for cardiac collagen, and high levels of total creatine kinase, creatine kinase MB, lactate dehydrogenase, Troponin, IL-6 and TNF-α. These effects were prevented by melatonin. Thus, we can conclude that melatonin has great potential in preventing the development of diabetic heart disease in rats.
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Cancer is a cosmopolitan disease, considered a public health issue, marked by deregulation of the cell cycle, which favors the proliferation of altered cells and the development of metastases from the migration of malignant cells to other regions of the body. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. Thus, the search for new therapeutic possibilities that are effective and less toxic to patients has gained space in scientific research. The mesoionic family presents several heterocyclic chemical compounds with 5-atom rings and great structural variety. These compounds are essentially synthetic but may present naturally occurring rings in their chemical structures, according to each derivative, which may be oxazole, thiazole and thiadiazole. In addition, meosionics have been associated with numerous biological activities in the scientific community, including investigations into their antitumor potential in various cancer cell lines. Based on the positive results of mesoionics reported in the literature, the present study evaluated the antitumor potential and the main mechanisms of action in 72 hours of the derivative 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazolium-5-thiolate (MI-2) in the Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (HL-60) lineage. Viability tests were carried out in mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cellular cytotoxicity in HL-60, both by the MTT method; morphological analysis with HE staining and DNA analysis through the DNA ladder test. The results obtained indicated that MI-2 showed low cytotoxicity in rat lymphocytes (CEUA) and cytotoxicity for the HL-60 strain after 72h of treatment, with growth inhibition potential above 70% in the single dose test (25μg/mL) and dose of 2,03μg/mL for the calculation of the average Inhibitory Concentration (IC₅₀), according to the recommendations of the National Cancer Institute - USA (NCI) so that the compounds are considered promising for new experimental tests, the other tests of mechanism of action were performed at the same concentration. In the death mechanism analysis, the mesoionic derivative was able to induce death via apoptotic and autophagic pathways based on the observation of physiological events such as the formation of apoptotic bodies, nuclear fragmentation and the presence of autophagic vacuoles. These results indicate that the MI-2 compound has antitumor activity in HL-60 cells, however, further tests to deepen the mechanisms of action pathways are being carried out to confirm the anticancer potential of the MI-2.

Visceral Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by Protozoa of the
genus Leishmania, which are transmitted by different species of sandflies. This disease
is endemic in several regions of Brazil, and dogs are incriminated as the main reservoir
of infection in urban settings. Although there are no studies that describe the profile of
dogs with Visceral LeishmaniasisThe goal of this work was to evaluate the clinical-
epidemiological profile of dogs infected by with Leishmania infantum who were admitted
at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco.
During the study period, 130 dogs from of different canine breeds, ages and both sexes
were admitted, of which 100% had a parasitological diagnosis and sorological test
(DPP®/Biomanguinhos test) of Visceral Leishmaniasis. The analysis of the factors
associated to the positive diagnosis was evaluated according not only the breeds, ages,
sexes, clinical signs, but also the origin of dogs. in addition, it was evaluate the
effectiveness of parasitological (bone marrow biopsy, lymph node aspiration cytology
and skin cytology) and serological ( DPP) methods. Thus, to compare the variables
breed, age and sex, the correlation coefficients coefficients underwent Kruskal-Wallis
non-parametric test using the statistical software and G-Test for the other analyses.
Regarding the age-group distribution, 6,9% of the dogs were less than one year old;
44,62% were between one and three years; 26,16% were between three and six years;
15,38% were between seven and nine years and 6,9% were older than nine years. The
study was conducted in 12 municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Recife and the
geographic distribution of positive dogs were 130 dogs, being 45,38% of the Paulista,
14,62% of the Recife, 6,92% of the Ilha de Itamaracá, Olinda and Jaboatão dos
Guararapes, and 19,24% of the other municipalities. Among the analyzed profiles,
mixed-breed dogs from the city of Paulista, aged 1 to 3 years old, male, symptomatic,
positive in DPP, bone marrow aspiration biopsy and lymph node aspiration cytology
showed a positive association with Canine disease. In conclusion, greater attention is
needed both in the physical examination and in the forms of prevention, in SRD dogs
from the city of Paulista, mixed-breed, adult and symptomatic, as they are animals with
an important epidemiological profile for having canine visceral leishmaniasis. In
addition, symptomatic animals deserve attention since only 1.54% were asymptomatic.

In the world, there are about 6 to 8 million people infected by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. In Brazil, approximately 4 thousand people/year died in the last decade. The parasite stands out for its biological and genetic diversity, classified into discrete typing units (DTUs), named from TcI to TcVI, in addition to Tcbat. Transmission of T. cruzi is by triatomines, hematophagous insects that have a wide variety of food sources, with emphasis on mammals of different orders. The present work aimed to know the hosts that act as food sources for triatomines and to identify the DTUs of the protozoan in insects captured in Petrolina, a priority municipality for the control of Chagas disease in Pernambuco state. Overall, 82 triatomines were captured in the peridomicile (60) and in the intradomicile (22), which were identified as Triatoma brasiliensis (72) and T. pseudomaculata (10). Twelve insects were positive for T. cruzi infection. Currently, triatomine and T. cruzi samples are being processed to identify the food sources and DTUs of the protozoan. The results obtained will contribute with additional measures for the State Program for Surveillance and Control of Chagas Disease in Pernambuco, with emphasis on surveillance and control of reservoirs in the One Health perspective.

The objective of this research was to carry out a serological study of infections by Bovine Herpesvirus (BoAHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Schmallemberg Virus (SBV) and Leptospira spp. in cattle raised in the State of Alagoas. 460 samples from the Agricultural Defense Agency of Alagoas-ADEAL collection were analyzed, coming from unvaccinated cattle from 100 properties distributed in 99 municipalities in Alagoas and in the three mesoregions of Alagoas: Agreste, Leste and Sertão. The serological diagnosis was performed with commercial indirect and competitive Enzyme Assay (ELISA) kits and through the microagglutination test in dark field. Seropositivity of 75% (345/460) for BoAHV-1, 53.2% (245/460) for BVDV and 36.5% (168/460) for Leptospira spp. The variation in prevalence by property in each mesoregion ranged from 85.1% (21/24) to 93.8% (46/49) for BoAHV-1; 70.3% (19/27) to 83.3% (20/24) for BVDV and 65.5% (32/49) to 83% (20/24) for Leptospira spp. It was observed that 0.87% (4/460) of the samples were suspected in the indirect ELISA for SBV. Of these, only 0.02% (1/460) continued to be suspected after performing the competitive ELISA. There was a higher seropositivity for BoAHV-1, BVDV and Leptospira spp., 61.4% (212/345), 60.4% (148/245), 52.3% (88/188) respectively, in animals from from the East mesoregion, with a significant association for BoAHV-1 and BVDV (p<0.005). BoAHV-1 and BVDV co-infection was observed in 44.78% (206/460) of the analyzed samples, BoAHV-1 and Leptospira spp. in 26.52% (122/460), BVDV and Leptospira spp. 20.22% (93/460), and BoAHV-1, BVDV and Leptospira spp. 16.96% (78/460). The serovars of Leptospira spp. most prevalent were 19.56% (90/460) Tarassovi, 15.87% (73/460) Wolfii, 15.22% (70/460) Prajitino and 13.26% (61/460) Bovis. Co-infection was found in 44.78% (206/460) of the analyzed samples. It is suggested the integrated action of the official defense agencies with the implementation of a specific sanitary program for infections by BoAHV-1, BVDV and Leptospira spp., aiming at diagnostic monitoring, the gradual elimination of positive animals, vaccination and biosecurity measures, to minimize the economic and health impacts on herds and carrying out other studies that include viral isolation in ruminants and vectors are important to confirm the circulation of the agent.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic hyperglycemic disease, its complications affect all organs of the body, including the liver and kidneys, and it is already known that oxidative stress and inflammation are part of its pathophysiology. In this sense, two antioxidants stand out: quercetin and melatonin, both also with anti-inflammatory potential. In this sense, the present work aimed to analyze the effect of treatment with quercetin associated or not with melatonin in the kidneys and liver of diabetic rats. Ninety male rats divided into the following groups were used: Group I (Control): rats without induced diabetes; Group II: diabetic rats (GD); Group III: diabetic rats treated with insulin (GDI); Group IV: diabetic rats treated with melatonin (GDM); Group V: diabetic rats treated with quercetin (GDQ); Group VI: diabetic rats treated with melatonin and quercetin (GDMQ). Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Melatonin was administered (10 mg/kg) for 30 days after diabetes induction. Quercetin was administered (40 mg/kg) also for 30 days after diabetes induction. Glucose was measured using strips and a commercial glucometer. At the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized, the organs were collected and the blood was centrifuged and the serum was saved for analysis. The organs were sent for routine histological processing (H.E slides for histopathology and morphometry) and the serum was sent for biochemical analysis for creatinine, urea, TGO and TGP. Tissue oxidative stress was also performed to assess lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed for IL-6, TNF-α and Tunnel Test (apoptosis) in the kidneys and IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 for the liver. The results showed that treatments with melatonin alone and melatonin + quercetin were more effective in lowering glycemic levels, protecting animals against body and kidney weight loss, in addition to reducing oxidative stress and avoiding severe pathological changes in the kidneys, as well as protecting the renal tissue and stabilize levels of creatinine and urea, in addition they protected against the increase of apoptosis and inflammatory interleukins. Treatment with quercetin alone showed mild or moderate effectiveness in the aggravations of this disease. In the liver, the groups treated with melatonin and quercetin, both together and separately, managed to protect the animals against hepatic weight loss, in addition to reducing oxidative stress and avoiding severe pathological changes in the liver. Furthermore, it stabilized the serum levels of TGO and TGP, and prevented the increase of inflammatory interleukins (IL-6 and TNF-α) and reduction of IL-10 (anti-inflammatory interleukin). It is concluded that for the renal tissue, treatments with melatonin alone and melatonin associated with quercetin were the most effective against renal complications in diabetes. However, for the liver, the same treatments associated or not, were beneficial in protecting against the damage caused by diabetes.

Introduction: Skin wounds are difficult to heal in people with diabetes, as there is great vascular and tissue impairment. Many alternatives appear, aiming to reduce the time and effectiveness of healing, in a less expensive and more effective way. Bacterial cellulose dressings, with or without the addition of another molecule, appear as a choice. Melatonin is a hormone with also proven effects on wound healing. Objective: To describe the effects of melatonin associated with bacterial cellulose on the healing of skin wounds in diabetic rats. Methods: Wistar rats were used and, after wound induction, they were randomly divided into four groups. GC – Non-diabetic rats with skin lesions; GDCC - Diabetic rats with skin lesions and treated with a commercial healing agent; GDCB - Diabetic rats with skin lesions and treated with Bacterial Cellulose; GDMCB - Diabetic rats with skin lesions and treated with Melatonin and Bacterial Cellulose. The animals were accompanied during 3, 7 and 14 experimental days. The following were evaluated: Glycemic levels, histopathological and histochemical analyzes were performed, and the healing rate was quantified, morphometric analysis, C-reactive protein, Immunohistochemistry (IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF and PCNA) and collagen I and III. Results: The animals in the GDCB and GDMCB groups achieved better wound healing than the animals in the GC and GSCC groups according to the evaluated methods. Conclusion: Bacterial cellulose-based dressings associated with melatonin showed beneficial results in healing experimentally induced wounds in rats, favoring the healing process, decreasing healing time, increasing collagen production and regulating inflammatory cytokines.

The treatment of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum has been a challenge for the veterinarian, because it is an expensive and long-term therapy with limited therapeutic options. Thus, the treatment in canine leishmaniasis requires laboratory monitoring, as clinical and immunological response and parasite load of the dog. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combination of marbofloxacin and allopurinol from a clinical perspective and antibody production profile in therapeutic monitoring for CanL (Canine Leishmaniasis). Twenty-six dogs with positive parasitological diagnosis (amastigotes forms the Leishmania) were divided into two treatment groups: G1 - 15 animals treated with marbofloxacin and allopurinol, and G2 - 11 animals treated with miltefosine only. The dogs were monitored for 6 months with clinical evaluations on days D0, D30, D90, and D180, and quantitative serology was performed only at the beginning and end of treatment. Clinical parameters were classified according to severity on a scale of 0 to 3, following Rougier et al. (2012), while the IFA (Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay) was conducted according to CAMARGO (1966). The qPCR was based on the amplification of L. infantum kDNA (kinetoplast minicircle) following the protocol standardized by De Paiva Cavalcanti et al. (2009). In the first three months, animals in G1 and G2 showed reductions of 86.6% and 45.4%, respectively, in clinical scores. Clinical signs relapsed in 9.1% of G2. At the end of treatment, the mean reduction in clinical scores was 61.3% for G1 and 22.3% for G2. Antibody titers decreased by 93.3% with the use of marbofloxacin and allopurinol, compared to 63.6% using miltefosine alone at the end of treatment. In both groups, dogs with high clinical scores had high antibody titers (D0), and as clinical scores decreased on D180, antibody titers also significantly reduced (H = 19.2506; p = 0.0002). Prior to the start of treatment, the mean number of parasites/μL in the bone marrow was, for G1, 239,267 with a median of 13,792 parasites/μL. In G2, the mean was 965,795.1 parasites/μL with a median of 117.8 parasites/μL. The use of qPCR is an excellent option to evaluate the parasite load during the treatment of dogs infected with L. infantum, provided that a standard gold sample, such as bone marrow, is used.  Although the study demonstrated a hearing ability between clinical scores and skill titles, IFA when used isolated is not a good tool for monitoring treated dogs infected with L. infantum.

Meliponines or stingless bees, constitute a wide group of species distributed all over the world and are used in meliponiculture, a rational breeding practice, identified as an important source of income for small producers due to the commercialization of products. These species are divided into two tribes: Meliponini and Trigonini, and produce geopropolis and propolis, respectively. Propolis is one of the most popular products and consists of a complex resinous matrix produced by bees by collecting plant exudates and adding wax. In this sense, the objective of this work was to analyze the chemical constituents of Trigona spinipes bee propolis collected from September 2018 to June 2021 in the São Francisco Valley region, totaling 15 samples, in addition to evaluating the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the anti-radical capacity, antimicrobial activity and propose the formulation of a coating based on propolis for preserving fruits in the post-harvest process with evaluations of mass loss, firmness, colorimetry, pH variation, titratable acidity, and total solids. The evaluation of the propolis constituents was obtained by obtaining the ethanolic extract, later partitioned into different polarities with the solvents: hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol: water (1:1). For better identification of the compounds, two samples were submitted to solid phase extraction (SPE) and hydrolysis, acetate fraction and hexane fraction of TS-C7 and TS-C8, respectively. And then the indicated composition through techniques such as HPLC, UPLC-DAD-qTOF-MS/MS, GC/MS, IR, APT, 1H, and two-dimensional techniques such as COZY, HMBC, and HSQC. Through GC/MS and APT E 1H NMR analysis of isolated propolis mixtures, it was possible to identify the main classes of compounds: alkanes, alkenes, esterified triterpenoids, esterified fatty acids, and anacardic acids. The analysis by UPLC-DAD-qTOF-MS/MS allowed the identification of 24 compounds such as flavones, flavanones, and flavonoids in general, and with the help of HPLC-DAD verified the similarity between propolis and the species Mimosa tenuiflora (jurema preta), indicating that the bee has the habit of visiting the species. The content of phenolics and flavonoids varied between samples and their fractions, indicating that the time of collection influences the chemical composition, and consequently the antiradical and antimicrobial activities. The coated fruits showed a significant difference over time between the treatment and the control, mainly in the following parameters: acidity, pH, peel, and pulp color analysis. The weight loss analysis increased during the experiment for both treatments, being lower in the coated fruits. The differences and effectiveness presented in the study between the control group and the treatment indicates that the success of the coating is directly related to the chemical composition of the coating added with propolis from the Trigona spinipes bee.

Blue cheeses are products matured by Penicillium roqueforti through various production methods and are consumed in numerous countries due to their unmatched flavor and texture. In Brazil, their distinct characteristics have been increasingly valued, and their production has been on the rise. However, crafting blue cheeses to meet the expected quality demands an effort that begins with obtaining and processing the milk, continuing through the maturation process, and culminating in storage at commercial establishments. In this regard, production that adheres to Good Manufacturing Practices for effective microbiological control is of paramount importance, given that the presence of undesirable microorganisms compromises not only the quality of blue cheeses but also jeopardizes consumer health. Consequently, the pursuit of antimicrobials applied to bring benefits to both food and public health has remained ongoing. Within this context, chitosan has emerged as a potential option that has catered to diverse needs of the food market due to its properties. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory attributes of chitosan-free blue cheese in comparison to blue cheese produced with chitosan

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects 1% of the world's population and is a neurodegenerative disorder that compromises the functioning of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The pathogenesis of PD is believed to involve several critical abnormalities, each of which may be the result of genetic or environmental factors, characterized by the formation of abnormal protein aggregates with mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) are lipophilic cannabinoids, which have pharmacological effects on the central nervous system, which can bring benefits to individuals with PD since there is no treatment that impacts the evolution of the disease. It is also possible to use derivatives of cannabis sp. in preparations that increase the effectiveness of substances, offering greater bioavailability and acting quickly in the therapeutic context, as is the case with nanoemulsions. Thus, this study aimed to systematically review the use of preclinical models of PD in animals treated with cannabis sp., as well as analyze the effect of corn oil nanoemulsion enriched with CBD and THC in the treatment of Parkinson's disease induced in Wistar rats. . According to the literature consulted, experimental models of PD were developed in mice, rats and marmosets using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), Haloperidol, Levodopa (L-DOPA) + Benserazide, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), L-nitro-N-arginine (L-NOARG), WIN55,212-2, Rotenone and Reserpine. The most used treatments were CBD, Δ-9-THC and Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ-9 THCV), representing an improvement in locomotor activity and involuntary movement and a reduction in catalepsy. Inflammation, microglial/astrocyte activation and oxidative stress were reduced after treatment with phytocannabinoids, the same was observed in the results of allodynia and hyperalgesia tests. For the experiment, Wistar rats were induced to PD with rotenone (2.5mg/kg/sc), once a day for 21 days. And subsequently treated with corn oil nanoemulsion enriched with CBD:THC (0.5%, 1% and 2%), 1ml being administered twice a day for 60 days. During treatment, the animals were evaluated in the open field and bar tests. After euthanasia, tissues were collected for biochemical, histopathological and morphometric tests. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GST) were determined in serum. The brain was processed and stained in HE and the living and dead neurons of the midbrain and hippocampus were measured. All groups treated with CBD:THC showed a reduction in non-enzymatic antioxidant activity and a reestablishment in the percentage of living neurons in the hippocampus. However, treatment with the combination of CBD:THC 0.5% and 1% caused an increase only in GST activity while the group treated with CBD:THC 2% showed an increase in the enzymatic antioxidant response of SOD, CAT and GST.

The aim of this research was to carry out an epidemiological study of Burkholderia mallei infection in equines from properties in Pernambuco and Alagoas States. For the epidemiological study, investigative questionnaires were applied to 6 outbreak properties (2017 -2021) and 11 non-focus properties, and statistical analysis of the factors associated with Glanders's occurrence was performed. In the study, a significant association was observed for the following variables: purpose of breeding (trade, sport and work on farms) (p-0.023); lack of information about the forms of transmission of the bacteria (p-0.034); failure to perform periodic examinations for the diagnosis of Glanders (p-0.029); requirement of a negative test in the purchase of horses (p-0.06); use of the extensive rearing system (p-0.027) and, finally, the lower frequency of cleaning the stalls (p-001). The results obtained can help in the implementation of management measures that minimize the risk of transmission of the bacteria, reducing the cases of the disease in the region

Bovine Mastitis (BM) is an inflammation of the udder tissue that affects milk production. The main etiological agents causing MB are pathogenic bacteria, and their main treatment is through antibiotic therapy, but the indiscriminate use of these drugs has favored the selection of bacteria with mutations that make them resistant, in addition to increasing the risk of residues of these compounds in milk. Therefore, the present work aimed to develop antimicrobial products nanoencapsulated in chitosan produced from the combination of essential oils from commercial plants commonly used in the treatment of bovine mastitis. Thirty strains of Staphylococcus aureus were collected and isolated from the milk of cattle diagnosed with mastitis. All strains were evaluated for resistance to different types of essential oils with a possible antimicrobial activity using the disk diffusion method. Among the other oils tested, the ones that presented consistent and efficient results were the EOs of Cymbopogon flexuosus, Thymus vulgaris, and Origanum vulgaris. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were performed and their values were defined ranging from 0.313 mg/mL to 1.250 mg/mL, to confirm the antibacterial activity of the oils, then the synergy of the antimicrobial activity of the different associated EOs was analyzed by the simplex-centroid-design design as a basis for evaluating the interaction between the chemical compounds, and indicated that the combined O. vulgare and T. vulgaris oils showed more consistent results against the four strains of S. aureus. Based on these results, a cream containing a mixture of these oils was produced, in which it is suggested that a percentage of 75% of O. vulgare and 25% of T. vulgaris be considered in the composition to optimize the antimicrobial activity of the mixture of oils. Subsequently, nanoparticles were produced by nanoprecipitation process by magnetic stirring containing a solution of chitosan in acetic acid. The produced nanoparticles were homogeneous, fluid, without color and odor change and size from 43 nm to 220 nm, thus characterizing themselves as nanoparticles. The PDI values ranged from 0.08 mV to 0.2 mV, which indicates good dispersion of the nanoparticles, while the zeta potential (ζ - mv) presented values from -1.48 mV to 6.47 mV, considering the zeta potential with the negative charge of -297 mV of S. aureus, it is suggested that nanoparticles with positive charge be used as an antimicrobial alternative, by eliminating possible electrostatic repulsions between the nanoparticle and S. aureus, thus allowing the inhibition of the bacterium. In addition, the nanoparticles can be incorporated into the base of the cream, thus allowing a controlled release of these EOs at the desired site of action.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic, systemic and immune-mediated disease, with wide distribution worldwide, and with great importance for public health. Among the main clinical signs manifested are skin lesions, onychogryphosis, ocular signs and lymphadenopathy, as well as gastrointestinal problems such as chronic diarrhea. Different co-infections have been reported, particularly hemoparasites, but few address gastrointestinal parasite infections. The aim of this study was the molecular characterization of opportunistic gastrointestinal pathogens in dogs with a positive diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis from the State of Pernambuco. Therefore, fecal material from 20 animals was processed by the Direct Immunofluorescence Reaction. The frequency of coinfection in the analyzed samples was 15% (3/20) without, however, association with diarrheal conditions or history of gastrointestinal problems. Data analysis regarding gender did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the studied variables. This is the first study to report co-infection by Leishmania Leishmania infantum and Giardia sp. in dogs in northeastern Brazil. The conclusion of this work is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the parasitological profile of dogs naturally infected by L. (L.) infantum and its importance for unique health

Chronic alcohol consumption is a risk factor for maternal and fetal health during pregnancy. Data indicate a prevalence rate of 9.8% in the world population. From this perspective this fact can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and increased production of reactive oxygen species leading to fetal disorders. On the other hand, the placenta produces a variety of cytokines that when regulated are essential for a healthy pregnancy. However, when unregulated, they can interrupt fetal and placental development pathways, causing congenital deformities and complications. Currently, the protective effect of melatonin against the harm caused by reactive oxygen species and its action on inflammatory cytokines has been verified. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the effects of exogenous administration of melatonin during pregnancy on histomorphometric and immunohistochemical aspects in placentas of rats submitted to chronic alcohol consumption. We used 30 albino rats divided into 3 groups: Control – 10 pregnant rats that did not receive alcohol; Alcohol – 10 pregnant rats submitted to chronic alcohol consumption; Alcohol + Honey - 10 pregnant rats submitted to alcohol consumption associated with melatonin. Alcohol was administered at a dose of 3g/kg by gavage, while melatonin was administered at night at a dose of 0.8mg/kg intraperitoneally. Placentas were weighed and analyzed histopathologically, morphometrically and immunohistochemically. A significant reduction in placental weight was observed in the Alcohol group, while in the Alcohol + Honey group the means were equal to the Control. Histopathological analyzes showed disorganization in the labyrinth zone, while morphometry indicated a reduction in maternal and fetal vessels in the Alcohol group. In the animals of the Control and Alcohol + Honey groups, no significant histological or morphometric alterations were observed. Immunohistochemical analyzes revealed strong marking for the factors TNF α and VEGF in the placentas of females from the alcohol group, when compared to the placentas of females from the control and alcohol + honey groups, which was confirmed by the quantification of these factors. Regarding PCNA staining for cell proliferation, the females of the control group and the alcohol + honey group had the highest percentage of positive cells, significantly differing from the placentas of the females of the alcohol group, which had the lowest percentage. Thus, it is concluded that melatonin has a potential for protective action on the oxidative damage of ethanol in the placenta.

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CANL) is a disease of zoonotic evaluation and vector-borne transmission with a huge importance and impact on public health worldwide. The present study aimed at the histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the cutaneous lesions of dogs with natural infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. For that study were used 30 dogs treated at the outpatient parasitic disease service at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco and in the county of Petrolina, with a positive parasitological diagnosis for L. infantum. The skin fragment collections were performed with the aid of a surgical punch. All animals had some dermatopathy as a clinical cutaneous sign. The histopathological analysis of ulcerated lesions revealed that 63.3% (19/30) of the analyzed samples had a granulomatous inflammatory pattern composed of macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells in 68.43% (13/19), while 31.57% of the animals showed pyogranulomatous infiltrate composed of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophils. Amastigote forms of L. infantum were found on immunohistochemistry in 43.3% (13/30) of the samples analyzed. Given the above, it can be concluded that histopathology can help as a diagnostic method, reinforcing the importance of the skin in canine leishmaniasis and immunohistochemistry as a complementary diagnostic method in positive dogs for L. infantum that have ulcerative or desquamative dermatitis

Nourishing from available food, avoiding predation and staying healthy represent the basic behavioral patterns, subject to the selective pressures that shape the lives of animals. There are several primate strategies to avoid predation, find and obtain the energy potential of their diet and stay alive. The blond capuchin monkeys (Sapajus flavius) are primates belonging to the Cebidae family, are medium-sized, arboreal and endemic to the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. They are on national and international lists of endangered species, with hunting and the fragmentation of their habitats being the main factors that impact their survival. Even under human care, outside of their natural environment, primates particularly find themselves out of adequate conditions of well-being. In order to avoid extinction, among the conservation measures, reintroduction is presented with the objective of reestablishing populations of species that have great importance for local biodiversity. With this in mind, the present dissertation developed protocols to evaluate the responses of a captive colony, formed by seven individuals, residing in the zoo of the “Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos”, in Recife/PE. Among the protocols, new items consumed by the species in nature were tested and simulations were performed for the presentation of live and taxidermized prey. All animals reacted adequately, as expected, in relation to the two types of environmental enrichment. A sanitary protocol was also developed to evaluate the health of the animals, through the creation of a decision tree that evaluates clinical and biological criteria, aiming at increasing the chance of survival of individuals in nature and mitigating epidemiological risks in the preparation of a possible release in a reintroduction program, both for reintroduced species and for native species of the release sites.

Hypertension is a silent disease with etiology related to genetic, lifestyle, and environmental
factors; and it can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Some pharmacological
treatments are commonly used in clinical practice, including the use of ACE inhibitors.
Although they exhibit positive blood pressure lowering responses, chronic patients have
several side effects. Natural alternatives that mitigate side effects and improve the quality of
life of patients with chronic use of antihypertensive drugs are the target of this investigation.
The cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis has been highlighted for producing
different bioactives of biotechnological importance applied to health, such as peptides with
antihypertensive activity. The objective of this study was to produce, extract and evaluate the
angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of peptides obtained from A.
platensis biomass after gastrointestinal digestion (DGI) process in vitro. The cyanobacterium
was grown in autotrophic condition and the cell biomass subjected to DGI in vitro under
simulated physiological conditions with the enzymes pepsin and pancreatin sequentially. The
supernatant was then ultrafiltered with 3 and 10 KDa cut-off membranes, and the fractions
were: AP-I: &gt;10KDa, AP-II: 3-10KDa and AP-III &lt; 3KDa. The fraction with the highest
iECA activity was purified by FPLC-Superdex G-75 and SOURCE™ RPC, respectively, and
the peaks obtained were determined for peptide concentration and iECA activity. All
ultrafiltered fractions exhibited high ACE inhibitory activity, in which AP-III obtained the
highest degree of inhibition of 90.43±0.89% and IC50 = 0.001 mg/mL, The AP-III fraction
was subjected to purification by AKTA Superdex-G75 system obtaining four peaks (FS-I, II,
III and IV). These were reapplied on a reverse phase FPLC column generating six peaks (Fr-I,
II. III. IV, V). In addition, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to verify the
nephroprotective response of using Spirulina (Arthrospira) or C-phycocyanin in the context
of renal diseases in preclinical models. Treatment with Spiriluna (Arhrospira) or C-ficocyanin
presented an improvement in serum concentrations (mg/dL) of the four biomarkers of renal
function analyzed: creatinine, uric acid, urea, and proteinuria. There was also a decrease in
systolic blood pressure levels in the context of hypertension. These results corroborate the
potential use of these peptides in the formulation of antihypertensive drugs or nutraceutical
foods, as well as suggest further investigations on the use of Spirulina for the treatment of
renal diseases.

Proteases isolated from the latex of the medicinal plant of Calotropis procera have been investigated in different models of inflammation. Considering previous studies that indicated anti-inflammatory properties of a mixture of proteases called LPp2, in this work, a mixture of proteases called LPp3, still little studied, was investigated in an experimental salmonellosis model. Thus, macrophage cultures were exposed to different concentrations of LPp3 and infected with Salmonella enterica Sor. Typhimurium. In another infection model, Swiss mice were infected intraperitoneally with S. Typhimurium and then treated (intravenously) with LPp3. The results showed that LPp3 has no direct antibacterial action against Salmonella in vitro and was unable to increase the cell viability of infected macrophages. In the in vivo assays, after 6 h of infection, animals treated with LPp3 (10 mg/kg) had a higher bacterial load in the spleen and liver compared to untreated control (PBS) or Dexamethasone-administered groups. Treatments with LPp3 (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) inhibited the recruitment of leukocytes to the infectious site after Salmonella inoculum in the peritoneal cavity. However, gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines measured in the spleen, such as TNF-alpha and IL1-beta, were significantly increased in animals treated with 10 mg/kg relative to infected/untreated animals. It was concluded that LPp3, as already demonstrated for LPp2, is rich in enzymes with strong anti-inflammatory action, which could explain the lower elimination of bacteria at higher doses.

The objective of this research was to determine the seroprevalence of Leishmania infantum in dogs in the city of Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso, Brazil. A total of 109 serological samples from dogs were analyzed, using the Dual Path Platform immunochromatographic test, TR DPP® LVC BioManguinhos, and ELISA, EIE-LVC, BioManguinhos® (Fiocruz), respectively, as a screening and confirmatory test. In the screening diagnosis, DPP, 5/109 (4.6%) dogs were positive for anti-L. infantum antibodies. The samples of positive dogs were submitted to the confirmatory ELISA test, which only 1 (0.9%) was confirmed as positive, coming from an adult dog, asymptomatic, domiciled in the urban area, male, of the Siberian Husky breed. The results obtained are essential to fill the epidemiological gap of leishmaniasis in the region. From the existence of a positive dog in the city, Epidemiological Surveillance must be alert, proceeding with the surveillance and serological monitoring of dogs, as well as in the investigation of the existence of sandflies. Therefore, it is necessary that a health education program be implemented, ranging from the elucidation of leishmaniasis to aspects inherent to responsible ownership, in order to stimulate the prevention of the disease, reducing the pressure on the public health system.

Autoecology is the branch of ecology responsible for the study of the relationships of species with the environment in which they live. Autoecological aspects, such as feeding, use of microhabitat, reproductive biology, morphology and parasitology, are of fundamental importance for understanding the natural history and ecology of the species. In addition, such aspects contribute to environmental and species management and conservation strategies. Research in this area has been developed with different types of animals, including lizards. Therefore, considering that the data in the literature on populations of G. geckoides, in the state of Pernambuco, remain poorly, or not studied, in addition to revealing obsolete data on their autoecological aspects, the present work aimed to elaborate an updated description, in addition to being more accurate. , on autoecological aspects of this lizard, in a remnant of Caatinga, in the state of Pernambuco. In total, 203 individuals were analyzed, 68 females, 98 males and 31 juveniles, plus 6 animals that could not be identified by gender. The data obtained allow us to classify G. geckoides as a generalist lizard, whose diet varies according to the availability of the environment, presenting variations in the number of ingested prey, as well as the ingestion of energetically advantageous prey during rainy periods. The micro-habitat also varies according to the environment, indicating a preference for native vegetation, when present. The parasite-host relationship revealed a positive and significant relationship of the helminths found with morphology and seasonality, as well as the types of prey ingested, such as coleoptera. Finally, the energy reserve factors, as well as the modification of reproductive cells, indicate that this species presents continuous and acyclic reproduction, being highly correlated with the rainy season, in which a higher frequency of females carrying eggs in the oviduct and ovaries in the vitellogenic stage could be found. . Therefore, energy reserves are used on a larger scale by this group as a function of pregnancy and ovary maturation.

The use of products of agricultural origin, including legume seeds, for the development of functional and biological ingredients, can be an economic alternative for the food and pharmaceutical industry. Thus, the objective was to characterize the functional and nutritional aspects and the infrared spectra of the flours obtained from the varieties, Rosinha (V1), Olho de Ovelha (V2), Galo de Campina (V3), Mulatinho (V4) , Branquinha (V5), Lavandeira (V6) of P. lunatus L. for use in food matrices, in addition to the effect of gastrointestinal digestion on the antioxidant potential of proteins, hydrolysates and phenolic compounds present in fava beans. The presence of anti-nutritional factors, water absorption capacity (CAA) and oil (CRO), water solubility (ISA), foaming capacity (CFE), emulsifier (EC), foam stability (EFE) were evaluated. , flour emulsion (EE) and flour infrared spectra. Subsequently, the flours were subjected to extraction of phenolic compounds using hexane (E1), petroleum ether (E2), chloroform (E3), ethyl acetate (E4), ethanol (E5), acetone (E6) and water (E7) in the proportion 1:5 (m/v). The phenolic compounds obtained were submitted to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and to the determination of the antioxidant potential against the DPPH, ABTS radical and copper and iron chelation. Finally, the flours of the Lavandeira, Rosinha, Olho de Ovelha and Mulatinho varieties were subjected to alkaline solubilization protein extraction, followed by isoelectric precipitation, later, the samples were submitted to the in vitro gastric and intestinal digestion test, and soon after, the antioxidant tests against radical scavenging assays (DPPH), (ABTS), hydroxyl, superoxide, ferric reducing power (FRAP), reducing power, anti-protein denaturation activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, survival of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against oxidative stress and copper and iron chelation were performed. The flours showed low levels of trypsin inhibitors (2.21 - 2.24 ITU.g-1) and high levels of amylase inhibitors (4.68 - 13.52 ITU.g-1), in addition, CAA ( 149 - 240 gg-1), ISA (2.54 -2.83 gg-1), CAA (0.63 - 102 gg-1), CE and EE remained above 50%, with stability after 60 minutes. Peaks were observed in the spectral ranges between 500 and 3350 cm-1 with stretch regions in OH, CH, aromatic rings, amide I and amide II. Water was more efficient in extracting phenolic compounds in varieties V1, V3, V4, V5, V6 and petroleum ether for V2 before the digestive process. Gastrointestinal digestion resulted in an increase in the phenolic compounds present in the extracts and against the scavenging of DPPH, ABTS and iron and copper chelation, in relation to the protein fraction, in vitro digestion proved to be an effective tool to obtain protein hydrolysates with antioxidant capacity against the elimination of ABTS, DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide radicals and chelation of copper and iron. In addition, anti-denaturing effects, decreased lipid peroxidation and survival of S. cerevisiae were observed. The results of the present study suggest that flours from the P. lunatus L. varieties could be used as a potential substitute in the formulation of food products with high technological, nutritional and biological value.

The indiscriminate use of anabolic androgenic steroids such as nandrolone decanoate has become a worldwide problem. Its effects caught the attention of non-athlete users looking to improve performance. Allied to this, the search for food supplementation, such as creatine that can promote greater performance, lean mass gain and strength has also been used. However, the supraphysiological use of these substances can cause toxic effects to human health. Thus, the present research aimed to analyze the effects of this association combined with physical activity on the levels of lipid peroxidation, inflammatory cytokines, cell proliferation, biochemistry and the histomorphometry of the liver and kidneys in Wistar rats. Fifty rats were used, which were divided into the following groups: I Rats without treatment and training (RC), II Rats without treatment and trained (RT), III Rats trained + nandrolone (RTN), IV Rats trained + nandrolone + creatine (RTNCreat), V Trained rats + creatine (RTCret). Nandrolone was administered via i.m. injections, 5 days/week/30 days, at a concentration of 5 mg/kg. Monohydrate creatine was administered by gavage (0.5g/kg). The trained rats were submitted to the swimming protocol. Histopathological analysis of the liver of rats in the RTN, RTNCreat and RTCreat groups revealed central lobular vein congestion, hepatocellular ballooning, increased lobular parenchyma and reduced non-lobular parenchyma. In the kidneys, proliferative glomerulonephritis was observed. In the kidneys, there was also an increase in glomerular diameter and volume, and in the diameter and volume of Bowman's capsule. There was an increase in the organosomatic index both in the liver and in the kidneys, in the rats that received nandrolone and/or creatine, being more expressive in the treatment with creatine in the liver, but without differing from its association with nandrolone. The levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in the liver and kidneys were quite high in the rats of the RTN, RTNCret and RTCreat groups, being more effective in the nandrolone/creatine association. On the other hand, GSH showed a significant reduction in these groups, which was also more evident with the nandrolone/creatine association. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNFα and cell proliferation in the liver and kidneys of the RTN and RTNCret groups were high. VEGF-A revealed increased levels in the liver of the RTN and RTNCret groups. Transaminases and alkaline phosphatase showed higher values in the liver of the RTN, RTCret and RTNCret groups. Creatinine was increased in the RTCret and RTNCret groups, and urea in the RTN, RTCreat and RTNCreat groups. Thus, it is concluded that the supraphysiological use of nandrolone and creatine causes liver and 8 kidney toxicity regardless of whether or not it is associated with physical activity, which should serve as a warning to users

Clinical staging can help to better understand the patient's prognosis and decision making in the treatment of dogs with Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL). Thus, the objective was to perform clinical staging of dogs with natural infection by Leishmania infantum and compare the profile of serological tests with the different stages of CVL. For that, domiciled dogs of both sexes and different ages were used, with a positive diagnosis for CVL through bone marrow biopsy. Clinical staging was performed by evaluating clinical signs, hematological and serum biochemical changes in addition to antibody titration. There were five stages considered: Stage 1 (no disease), Stage 2 (mild disease), Stage 3 (moderate disease), Stage 4 (severe disease), and Stage 5 (extremely severe disease). It was found that 73.7% (59/80) of the dogs had moderate disease, 19% (15/80) had mild disease, 6% (5/80) were in the stage of severe disease, and 1.3% (1/80) were in the stage of severe disease. 80) with a very serious illness. The level of antibodies showed a significant difference between these stages (p<0.05), but it was not a determinant for the classification of animals in the different stages of the disease. However, animals with high levels of Total Protein (>12g/dL) and azotemia were classified in the most severe stages of the disease, regardless of clinical signs and antibody profile. In correlating the levels of antibodies evaluated by different serological techniques, IFAT and ELISA, with the clinical signs, only in the IFAT was a statistical difference between the stages identified, but stage 3 was the one with the highest median titration. It is concluded that it is possible to perform the clinical staging of dogs naturally infected with L. infantum from a set of data, including clinical signs, clinical-pathological analyses, and serological tests, placing them in stages with different levels of severity. However, the lack of uniformity in serology makes its application in staging difficult.

With each decade, stanozolol indiscriminate use has been increasing in gyms, because it promotes strength increase without extra weight gain, does not convert into estrogen, does not cause excess water retention, in addition to helping with fat loss while preserving mass. muscle. However, indiscriminate use and without medical prescription, can cause cardiovascular complications, liver dysfunction, kidney damage, psychiatric disorders, thyroid reduction and infertility. We aim to investigate the effects of stanozolol on systolic pressure, renal, hepatic and behavioral parameters in sedentary and trained rats, in addition to describing the profile of bodybuilders in Pernambuco who use steroids (ASA). Considering that the literature addresses only during physical activities. For that, 40 animals were selected, aged 90 days and divided into four groups: vehicle control group (n=5) that received saline solution, intramuscularly and the stanozolol control group (n=5) in which stanozolol was administered, control group trained group (n=5) received saline solution intramuscularly and trained swimming, trained stanozolol group (n=5) received intramuscular stanozolol and trained swimming. Stanozolol showed significant increases in arterial pressure and oxidative stress. In addition to promoting behavioral changes among rats that grew up together, resulting in increased aggressiveness during and after steroid use. 30.2% of the sample consisted of EAA users. The use of stanozolol compromises the cardiovascular, renal and hepatic systems and promotes an increase in aggressive behavior at high doses. Something that needs to be circumvented, given the negative impact on health, when not properly prescribed.

Trypanosoma cruzi presents a heterogeneous population with seven lineages recognized, called Discrete Typing Units (DTU's). The knowledge of T. cruzi DTUs can contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of Chagas Disease and the possible risk factors for infection to man. The aim of this study was to carry out an entomological survey of triatomines, detect the frequency of T. cruzi infection and identify the lineages present in municipalities in the rural region of Pernambuco, Brazil. Based on data from the the Brazilian National Chagas Disease Control Program (PNCDCh), a retrospective study (2008-2017) was carried out to assess the occurrence and distribution of triatomines in 21 municipalities. In addition, during the period from July 2018 to June 2019, triatomines were collected in intradomicile and peridomicile area and identified for subsequent DNA extraction. The search for T. cruzi was carried out through parasitological and molecular exams. For the DNA research of Trypanosoma spp. PCR was performed, the amplified products were purified and sequenced. T. cruzi genotyping was performed by Multiplex PCR. To evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of triatomines infected by trypanosomatid parasites, data from the PNCDch (2008-2018) were used, the total number of triatomines captured from intradomicile and peridomicile areas, as well as the infection rate (IR) by trypanosomatid. The method by Getis–Ord method was used to statistically identify significant concentration clusters and the IR of triatomines by trypanosomatids. A generalized linear regression model with a binomial distribution was used to evaluate the probability of of finding an IR by trypanosomatids. Through the retrospective study, a total of 4694 triatomines were collected, 94.5% and 5.5% from the intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary environments. The most frequent species were Panstrongylus lutzi (30.36%), Triatoma brasiliensis (26.12%), Triatoma pseudomaculata (22.43%) and Panstrongylus megistus (20.54%). A total of 117 triatomines were collected, 93.16% and 6.84% from the intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary environments, respectively. The captured species were P. lutzi (37.60%), T. pseudomaculata (26.50%), T. brasiliensis (23.08%) and P. megistus (12.82%). The T. cruzi infection rate was 5.49% and 12.09% in parasitological and molecular tests, respectively. The analysis molecular detected 70.59% of the TcI genotype in all triatomine species identified and 29.41% of the TcIII/TcIV in P. megistus and P. lutzi. The analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of triatomines infected by trypanosomatids was performed with 4,800 triatomines, flagellar forms similar to T. cruzi were detected in 10.29% of them, the majority of positive specimens (98.17%) were collected at intradomicile. The geospatial analyses identified triatomines clusters in intradomicile and peridomicile environments. The logistic regression for species (P. lutzi, P. megistus, T. brasiliensis and T. pseudomaculata) showed that the probability of detection of T. cruzi infection remains constant in up to 50 specimens examined or more. The presence of infected triatomines in intra and peridomicile areas calls for the implementation of surveillance actions, such as health education in areas where these vectors are most vulnerable. In addition, adoption of systematic entomological control measures to reduce the risks of infestation and, consequently, of Chagas disease.

Research about infectious agents in indigenous population are scarce not only in Brazil, but around the world. Historically, indigenous people are marginalized, and until nowadays, face disproportionately high rates of poverty and diseases. Serological investigation regarding infectious agents in animals that live in indigenous communities can work as important tools to demonstrate epidemiological diseases parameters and can support to design policies animal programs to improve livestock quality, since most of indigenous families use livestock as food supply. In addition, contribute to control and prevent illness in this population, considering that 70% of the diagnosed disease in human arose from animals. The aim of this study was to investigate infectious agents in two indigenous populations, Northeast of Brazil, Pernambuco estate, Xukuru ethnic, in Pesqueira country and Fulni-ô ethnic located in Águas Belas country. In the Xukuru community, 180 sheeps (Ovis aries) sera and 108 goats (Capra aegagrus hicus) sera were analyzed, diagnosis for Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum was performed using Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA), whereas for Leptospira spp. Microscopic Aagglutination Test (MAT) was employed. In the Fulni-ô population the research was executed in 66 canine sera by IFA for T. gondii and N. caninum, for the diagnosis of Leptospira spp. MAT, whereas Leishmania spp. kit TR DPP® 7 Canine Visceral Leishmaniosis Bio-Manguinhos was used. The results obtained in the Xukuru ethnic demonstrated that 16,6% of the sheeps and 11,1% goats showed antibodies against T. gondii; 10,5% of the sheeps and 20,73 of the goats were seropositive for N. caninum, while 15% of the sheeps and 19,4% of the goats were Leptospira spp. positive reaction. In the Fulni-ô population the analyses showed a frequency of 46,9% for T. gondii; 9,09% for N. caninum; 22,72% for Leishmania spp. and 18,18% for Leptospira spp. in the dogs. The results obtained in this study evidenced that important infectious agents for animal and human medicine are propagated in indigenous populations in Pernambuco estate and evidence the requirement of animal monitoring, besides the necessity of health programs in this population.

Today's society constantly uses numerous electrical resources in their daily lives.
When the electric current is set in motion, a magnetic field is generated around the
current, when it comes to common electrical wiring the corresponding Electromagnetic
Field (EMF) has an extremely low frequency of up to 60 Hz. The literature presents
numerous studies dedicated to discovering the influences of exposure to EMF in
healthy individuals or in the face of some disorder. However, there are contradictions
between the real effects of this exposure, there is no consensus as to the cause,
damage to health, possibilities in the treatment of diseases or if it does not cause any
influence to organisms. And, data linking EMF exposure up to 60 SHz on brain
electrical activity are scarce. Epilepsy is the most common neurological disease in the
world, and cortical electrical dysfunction makes the epileptic individual sensitive to
seizures in several aspects, including the environment. In this way, would the epilepsy
patient exposed to EMF be more likely to trigger changes in their cortical electrical
dynamics? If so, do such changes cause harm or benefit to the patient? In the present
work, we sought to verify the effects of exposure to EMF at 60 Hz on the parameters
of cortical electrical activity before and after an animal model of status epilepticus in
adult male rats. The electrocorticogram (ECoG) was used to record the electrical brain
activity of the animals. The ECoG was analyzed by mathematical methods: Spectral
Density (SD), Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA). Eighteen 90-day-old Wistar rats
were recorded before and after pilocarpine induction of status epilepticus. After the
first record, the animals were divided into (G1 before and G2 before), then one group
received only the drug (G1 after) and the other group received the drug and underwent
CM (G2 after). The second record was obtained 24 hours after pilocarpine
administration and compared to that obtained before status epilepticus induction. The
DFA of the ECoG segment showed no significant difference in any of the groups. DE
showed a difference between G1 before and after G1 only in the delta wave. While the
DFA of alpha, delta and theta waves showed significant differences between G1 before
and after G1. This study suggests that 24-hour exposure to MC with an intensity of 1
mT and a frequency of 60 Hz was able to attenuate the effects of status epilepticus on
brain electrical activity.

The objective was to evaluate the occurrence of IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and the DNA of protozoa of the Sarcoscystidae family in birds and wild mammals from the Caatinga biome and from the Pernambuco Wild Animal Screening Center (CETRAS-Tangara) in the Atlantic Forest. In the first study, the investigation of antibodies against T. gondii and DNA of protozoa of the family Sarcocystidae was carried out in 55 free-living animals from the Caatinga biome using the MAT technique and nested PCR followed by sequencing, respectively in 55 samples of mammals from three wild species. In the second study, the DNA research of protozoa of the Sarcocystidae family was carried out in 96 captive birds from CETRAS-Tangara and free-living birds from the Caatinga biome, totaling 96 animals from 41 species. In the third study, DNA research of the Sarcocystidae family was carried out in 79 mammals of five species from the Caatinga biome and the CETRAS-Tangara. To identify the protozoa of the Sarcocystidae family in the three studies, nested PCR was used for the 18s rDNA gene followed by genetic sequencing. In the first study, antibodies were detected in 7/29 (24.13%) armadillos, 6/16 (37.5%) collared peccaries and absence of antibodies in agoutis 0/10 and Toxoplasma gondii DNA in 6/ 19 (31.57%) of the giant armadillos and no collared peccary were positive. In the second study, 25% (24/96) of the bird samples were positive for the protozoa: Isospora spp., Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in eight bird species (Amazona aestiva, Coereba flaveola, Egretta thula, Paroaria dominicana, Sporophila nigricollis, Cariama cristata, Columbina talpacoti, Crypturellus parvirostris). In the third study, 25.31% (20/79) of samples from nine species of mammals (Conepatus semistriatus, Didelphis albiventris, Tamandua tetradactyla, Bradypus variegatus, Sapajus libidinosus, Thrichomys laurentius, Monodelphis domestica, Galea spix and Callithrix jaccus) were positive, for T. gondii. The occurrence of antibodies and DNA of the Sarcocystidae family in birds and wild mammals of the Caatinga and CETRAS-Tangara biomes demonstrates the participation of these species in the wild cycle of the identified protozoa and the need to intensify research in this area for the conservation of wild animals in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of
red propolis and Amburana Cearensis resin on SCP that cause subclinical mastitis,
isolated from bovine milk samples from dairy herds in the states of Alagoas and
Pernambuco. Fourteen properties were selected, 10 located in municipalities in the
dairy basin of the State of Alagoas and 4 in municipalities in the dairy basin of the
State of Pernambuco, which supplied milk for dairy under federal inspection. The
CMT test was performed in 1405 cows and positive CMT samples from 2+ were
collected, totaling 1289 samples submitted to microbiological examination for SCP
isolation and identification, totaling 179 isolates. SCP were submitted to the standard
antibiotic (Oxacillin) sensitivity test, by the disk diffusion method and the resistant
isolates were submitted to the microplate adhesion test to quantify the biofilm. In the
SCP isolates, classified as strong and moderate biofilm formers, the search for nuc,
blaZ, mecA, mecC, icaA and icaD genes was carried out and the antimicrobial and
antibiofilm activity of red propolis and Amburana Cearenses resin was evaluated by
microdilution method in broth, being carried out the determination of Inhibitory
Concentrations (MIC) and Bactericidal (CBM) of the substances and the antibiofilm
action. MIC values ranged from 3.125 to 781.25 μg/mL for red propolis and from
195.31 to 390.62 μg/mL for umburana resin. The red propolis presented a CBM
ranging from 3,125 to 1,565.50 μg/mL, while the CBM for the umburan resin ranged
from 195.31 to 781.25 μg/mL. Both substances were also effective in reducing the
formation and consolidation of biofilms, suggesting a promising action of these
substances against this structure of microbial resistance and being a possible
alternative for their future use as drugs with antimicrobial action.

Brazil is the largest consumer of agrochemicals in the world. Contamination of surface waters by pesticides is commonly associated with a combination of substances rather than a single compound because several active ingredients are commonly applied simultaneously to crops and/or a variety of crops that typically use the same watersheds. The current evaluation of the toxic effects of these pesticides is predominantly based on single substances, so the ecological relevance may be underestimated. Given this, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of the combined use of a herbicide, Sulfentrazone, an insecticide, Fipronil, and a fungicide, Carbendazim. To achieve this goal, epiboly, teratogenicity in zebrafish embryos, and behavioral changes in zebrafish larvae were analyzed by performing the Thigmotaxis, Sensitive touch, Optomotor response, Bouncing balls, and Exploratory activity tests. The three isolated pesticides were teratogenic for zebrafish embryos. In the epiboly analysis, the individual pesticides reduced the epiboly percentage, and the mixtures caused no significant differences. However, there were significant changes in the performance of larvae exposed to the pesticides and their mixtures in three behavioral tests (Optomotor response, Bouncing balls, and Exploratory activity). In the optomotor response and exploratory activity tests, it was possible to observe the synergistic effect of the binary mixtures. In the bouncing ball test, all exposed groups showed a significant difference compared to the control group. Through our results, we observed that the toxicity of the mixtures differs depending on the endpoints analyzed and that the behavioral tests were sensitive to evaluate the interaction of the pesticide mixtures used in this research. Therefore, studies that seek to understand the effects of pesticide mixtures are important, because they will help to understand the effects more realistically and more closely to what happens in the environment. Because the additive effects of these mixtures are still poorly understood and make their toxicological evaluation difficult.

The present study provides epidemiological data on lungworm infection in ruminants in the state of Pernambuco, including the following aspects: 1) Epidemiological, morphological, and molecular data on the lungworm larva of a species of Protostrongylus from goats. Fecal samples from goats (n = 217) were analyzed by the Baermann technique and larvae were detected in 18.9% (41/217) of the samples. These larvae had a mean length of 339μm (±52.99μm) and a mean width of 18 μm (±1.46μm). Morphologically they were similar to Protostrongylus sp. and molecularly they revealed strong identity (98.7%) with Protostrongylus rufescens homologous sequences available in GenBank. 2) To provide a comprehensive overview of historical and current data published between January 1980 and December 2020 on lungworm infection of domestic ruminants in Brazil. In this period, 24 articles were published, being in cattle (n = 16), goats (n = 6), sheep (n = 1) and one study (n = 1) with goats and sheep. Overall, 12 studies were based on post-mortem examination only, five on detection of specimens in fecal samples, and seven were based on fecal analysis followed by post-mortem examination. Of all studies, 66.7% (n = 16) articles recorded Dictyocaulus viviparus, 4.2% (n = 1) Dictyocaulus filaria, 8.3% (n = 2) P. rufescens, 16.7% (n = 4) M. capillaris, and 4.2% (n = 1) co-infection by D. filaria and Muellerius capillaris. 3) To determine the prevalence of lungworms in ruminants from the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil. A total of 429 fecal samples were collected from cattle (n = 219), goats (n = 122) and sheep (n = 88) and analyzed by the Baermann technique. Cattle and sheep were negative. Larvae of Protostrongylus sp. were detected in 8.19% (10/122) of goats. They had an average length of 351μm (±29.06μm) and an average width of 19μm (±1.46μm). All infected goats were raised in a semi-intensive production system and did not exhibit any clinical signs suggestive of the infection by lungworms. 4) Lungworms infection in beef cattle herds reared in an important livestock production area in the northeastern region of Brazil. From September 2020 to August 2021, monthly fecal samples (n = 493) were collected from 46 beef cattle. Out of all animals assessed, lungworm larvae were detected in 8.7% (4/46). Animals did not present any clinical sign suggestive of the infection by lungworms parasites. Twenty larvae were retrieved, with the minimal number (n = 1) detected in October and December, and the maximum number (n = 13) in November. They presented a mean length of 363μm (± 28.65μm), mean width of 19 μm (±1.03μm) and were morphologically similar to Dictyocaulus sp.. Infection by these nematodes has been reported in the last four decades in Brazil, but most of the information was obtained from post-mortem examination. Finally, we report the occurrence of these parasites in cattle and goats in the northeastern region. Despite the absence of clinical signs in the animals in this study, sanitary measures are recommended to prevent infection by these nematodes and reduce the economic impact they can cause in livestock production.

The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementation with -glucan in the maternal diet during the end of gestation affects the concentration of total IgG in the colostrum of mares, thereby improving the passive immunity transfer of foals born from supplemented mares. In addition to analyzing the performance of the optical refractometer in the diagnosis of passive immunity transfer failure (FTIP) in foals. 21 pregnant mares were used, divided into three groups: Control Group (7 mares), Saccharomyces cerevisiae Group (7 mares): received -glucan (7 mares): received 0.35g via oral; from the 300th day of gestation to 90 days after delivery. Samples of colostrum and blood serum from the mares were collected immediately after parturition. Blood samples from the foals were collected 12 hours after delivery. IgG measurement was performed using the Simple Radial Immunodiffusion (IDR) technique. The results were subjected to analysis of variance to determine the effect of supplementation on the parameters considered, followed by the Tukey test. Significance was declared at P <0.05. To evaluate the performance of the optical refractometer, blood was collected from foals (n = 30) 12 hours after birth. Serum IgG concentration was measured by IDR assay and total protein (PT) was measured by optical refractometer. The correlation coefficient was measured. A ROC curve was made to identify the ideal cutoff point for this data set, in addition to the sensitivity and specificity of the test. The concentration of IgG by IDR was positively correlated with PT of the refractometer (r = 0.85). In the ROC curve, the cut-off point specificity. It was possible to observe that the measurement of total protein by refractometer shows good utility in the evaluation of FTIP in foals, since they present high sensitivity, having the facility to be carried out in the field. Regarding the supplementation - - glucan showed colostrum with a higher (p <0.05) concentration of total IgG, compared to the control group. There was no significant difference in the colostrum quality of mares supplemented with S. cerevisiae. Regarding the IgG concentration of foals born to mares -glucan, no significant difference was observed in comparison to the control group. Foals born from mares supplemented with S. cerevisiae obtained a significant difference, presenting a higher concentration of total IgG in the blood serum. Therefore, this study provides evidence that manipulation of the mares' diet with the -glucan increases the IgG concentration in colostrum. While the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in the diet of pregnant mares it increased the serum IgG concentrations of their foals with 12h of life.

Proteases are enzymes that have been used extensively in several industry segments. Despite their high interest and numerous advantages, their application still has some limitations. The immobilization process has become an alternative since it increases enzyme stability. The use of magnetic supports has been widely explored, due to its versatility in the biotechnology sector for the purification of biomolecules, and its coating with organic supports such as chitosan, facilitates the process, preventing the oxidation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP's), giving ideal properties for immobilization. The present work aimed to select, immobilize and characterize collagenolytic proteases obtained from Aspergillus sclerotiorum URM5792 in MNP’s coated with chitosan. For production, a complete factorial planning was carried out 22; with the best production condition (7g of wheat bran and 60% humidity, submitted to 30°C for 72h of fermentation, with proteolytic activity of 56,27 U/mL and e collagenolytic of 303,00 U/mL). The immobilization process was carried out using complete factorial planning 23 aiming to evaluate the influence of independent variables: glutaraldehyde concentration, activation time and immobilization time under the enzyme immobilization yield. In the assay composed of 4% glutaraldehyde concentration, 2.5h of activation and 1.5h of immobilization yields of 86.25% for protein activity and 83.83% for collagenolytic activity were obtained. The immobilized enzyme showed more than 95% of the initial activity after 28 days of storage and retained more than 60% of the residual activity in the twelfth cycle of reuse. The influence of pH and temperature on enzyme activity in free and immobilized form were also analyzed, both had an optimal pH in the range of 9.0, as well as an optimal temperature of 30 ° C and 40 ° C, respectively. The pH and temperature stability of the free enzyme was maintained with more than 80% and 60% of residual activity within 24 hours and 180 minutes, respectively. And the stability of the immobilized enzyme was maintained with 60% and 70% of residual activity in the same times. The solid-state fermentation was effective with high enzymatic production and the immobilization of protease collagenolytic in magnetic nanoparticles coated with chitosan and activated in glutaraldehyde, proved to be efficient methods in the yield, storage and reuse of the enzyme. The immobilized enzyme showed greater affinity to the substrate in relation to the free enzyme, it was inhibited by the Cu2+ ion, SDS and PMSF indicating the presence of active serine protease sites. These results indicate that Aspergillus sclerotiorum URM 5792 is a potential source for production of collagenolytic protease with possible biotechnological applications in various sectors of the industry, in the production of detergents, in the textile and pharmaceutical industry, in the treatment and regeneration of tissues in necrosis.

The objective of this research was to carry out a clinical-epidemiological study and evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp. in dogs with external otitis from the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco. A total of 176 samples were collected from the auditory meatus of 88 canines with clinical diagnosis of external otitis. The samples were cultivated in agar base medium added with sheep blood, for 24-48 hours, the isolates that showed morphotintorial characteristics for Staphylococcus spp. were analyzed using the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization - Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF) system for species identification. Staphylococcus spp. were submitted to the phenotypic sensitivity test by the disk diffusion method and search for mecA and mecC resistance genes, using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Of the 176 clinical samples collected, 117 isolates were obtained from microbiological culture. The growth of Staphylococcus spp. in 75.25% (88/117). 79.55% (70/88) of these isolates were identified from MALDI-TOFOf the species identified through MALDI-TOF, S. pseudintermedius had the highest frequency (48.57%; 34/70), followed by S. chleiferi (30%; 21/70), S. simulans (10%; 7/70), S. intermedius (8.57%; 6/70), S. chromogenes and S delphini (1.42%; 1/70). As for phenotypic resistance, the ß-lactams class was the most frequent (52.27%;46/88). 7.95% (7/88) of Staphylococcus spp. were positive for the mecA gene. There was no significant association between predisposing and perpetuating factors and otitis externa in dogs The present study was the first in the Northeast region to identify Staphylococcus spp. from canine external otitis using the MALDI-TOF technique. The high frequency of positive isolates for the mecA gene demonstrates the relevance of the rational use of antimicrobials. It is essential to investigate the risk factors, failure to resolve the underlying cause will lead to failure of therapy and development of multidrug-resistant agents.

Bone defects are a global health problem. The Rigenera system through the Rigeneracons® device allows the extraction of micrografts rich in terms of progenitor cells, which has been an excellent option for studies in regenerative medicine. Biomaterials have also been used in the medical or biomedical fields, as effective alternatives for the replacement of tissues, including bone tissue. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the bone regeneration process through autologous grafts obtained through the Rigeneracons device and a chitosan-based biomembrane with fibrillated microcellulose (MFC) in rat calvaria. 54 male Wistar rats (285 ± 29g), from the Animal Breeding and Experimentation Laboratory of the Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, were used. The animals were kept in cages with food and water ad libitum, at a temperature of 22 ± 5ºC and artificial lighting, with alternating light-dark cycles of 12 hours. These animals were randomly divided into 3 groups each consisting of 18 animals, namely: Group A-Treated with the micro-grafts obtained from the Rigenera system; Group B- Treated with Biomembrane based on chitosan / MFC; and Group AB- Biomembrane associated with the micro-grafts obtained from the Rigenera device. Subsequently, two lesions (5mm) on each antimere in the calvaria of each animal, the animal being its control. The CT scans were performed using a GE Hi-Speed FXI CT scanner and, after the scanning process, the images were reconstructed using DICOM visualization software. The animals were euthanized 15, 30 and 60 days after the treatments, the calvaria collected and processed for histopathological and histochemical analysis. In bone densitometry analyzes we found that in group A it was more efficient at 60 days, group B at 15 days and not very efficient at 60 days and in group AB they showed increased bone densometry at 30 and 60 days. It was verified that there was no regeneration in the lesions of the controls of each group, differently from the treated ones, where areas of bone formation and well-activated mesenchymal tissue were verified. It is concluded that the Rigenera system is efficient for use in cell therapy in animals associated with the chitosan / MFC-based biomembrane. It will be possible to use it for use in veterinary medicine and, mainly, in bone injury surgeries in search of bone regeneration.

Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. is a laticifer plant from the Apocynaceae family popularly known as silk cotton, silk flower and burner in Brazil´s Northeast. C. procera latex is rich in proteins and there is evidence that some harbor anti-inflammatory properties reported with different experimental models. Previously, an osmotin named CpOsm was isolated from the latex of C. procera. Osmotins are proteins that have a structural and functional similarity to human adiponectin, an endogenous adipokine that exhibits anti-inflammatory actions. The present study investigated the hypothesis that a recombinant C. procera Osmotin (rCpOsm) obtained from a transformed E. coli strain would be able to prevent the development of an inflammatory process derived from a systemic microbial infection. As a model of infection, a clinical isolate of Listeria monocytogenes (strain 619) was used. This species is associated with food-borne infections that affect animals and humans, causing, among, abortions and miningoencephalitis. Firstlly, assays were performed with peritoneal macrophage cell cultures (pMØ) from Swiss mice. rCpOsm was tested for cytotoxicity at concentrations ranging from 6.25 and 400 μg / mL. Non-toxic concentrations of rCpOsm (1 and 10 μg / mL) were used in pMØ treatments, followed by infection with L. monocytogenes. Despite the fact that rCpOsm does not inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes in vitro, protein treatments reduced the intracellular bacterial load and increased the viability of infected pMØ compared to the untreated group. It was observed a reduction in the level of mRNA transcripts for the cytokines IL-10 and TNF-α and an increase in the expression of cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in rCpOsm-treated groups. The intravenous administration of rCpOsm to Swiss mice significantly decrease the infiltration of leukocytes in the peritoneal cavity after inoculation of L. monocytogenes, intraperitoneally. Quantification of viable bacteria in the peritoneal fluid and liver of animals treated with rCpOsm was higher in comparison to animals that did not receive treatment. The production of mRNA transcripts for the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in the spleen of infected animals was increased with rCpOsm treatments. Histological data showed that the rCpOsm was not toxic to the splenic and hepatic tissue of the mice, and they also minimized damages to the liver tissue during the acute phase of L. monocytogenes after inoculation. Taken together, the results showed that rCpOsm was able to prevent a serious inflammatory process derived from a real infection, caused by L. monocytogenes, also decreasing the damage to target organs of infection. These data are discussed in the light of the literature.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of antifreeze protein type III (AFP III) added to cryopreservation extender of goat sperm on post-thawing sperm viability, with the objective of improving semen cryopreservation protocols. In the first experiment, 16 testicular pairs were collected in a slaughterhouse and transported at approximately 5 °C in a thermal box around 10 hours, until processing in the laboratory. Epididymis spermatozoa were recovered by washing and evaluated with phase contrast microscope. Then cryopreserved in Egg Yolk based extender , supplemented with antifreeze protein type III (0; 1; 10; 100 μg/mL), using automated system. After thawing (37 C /30 sec), spermatic kinetics were evaluated by CASA automated system, acrosome plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ROS production by flow cytometry. No difference (P ≥ 0.05) was seen between the experimental groups for the parameters of spermatic kinetics, mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS production. However, the integrity of plasma membrane and acrosome of frozen sperm with 100 μg/mL of AFP III was lower (P < 0.05) when compared to control group. The addition of AFP III to tris-egg yolk extender, used in the freezing of sperm obtained from the epididymis of goats, does not favor preservation of goat sperm recovered from epididymis. In addition, when at high concentration (100 μg/mL) it compromises the integrity of the plasma and acrosome membrane of these cells. The second experiment was divided into two parts: Experiment I and II, where the effect of AFP III on extenders based on Tris- egg yolk and skimmed milk was investigated, respectively. The semen of four Saanen goats (6 replicates) was used for pool formation and used in Egg Tris-yolk Diluent (Experiment I) and Skim Milk Based Diluent (Experiment II), both supplemented with AFP III concentrations, obtaining the following sample groups: 0; 1; 10; 100 μg/mL. After dilution (200 x 106 sperm/mL), the samples were filled in 0.25 mL straws and frozen (-196 ºC). For each group, two straws were thawed (37 ºC for 30 s) and grouped for in vitro analysis of spermatic kinetics, through CASA; and plasma membrane integrity (IMP) and acrosome integrity (IAC) by epifluorescence microscopy. Two straws were thawed for ultrastructural analysis of spermatozoa by scanning electron microscopy. No difference (P ≥ 0.05) was seen between experimental groups from the two experiments for the parameters of kinetics, plasma membrane integrity and acrosome. Except for the progressive motility that the concentration of 1 and 100 μg/mL differed (P < 0.05) from each other when skim milk Based Diluent was used. The results of the ultrastructural evaluation showed that regardless the diluent used, AFP III damaged the plasma membrane of the spermatic cells in a dose-dependent manner. Based on the results of the present study, it is concluded that AFP III in the concentrations used, in extenders based on egg tris-yolk and skimmed milk, does not improve seminal quality.

Plutella xylostella (Diamondback moth) and Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevil) are economically important insects that affect brassica plants and stored grains, respectively. Plant extracts have been the subject of studies on their insecticidal properties. The present work studies the insecticide potential of preparations from Schinus terebinthifolia (Brazilian pepper-tree) leaves against P. xylostella and from Moringa oleifera (Drumstick Tree) against S. zeamais adults. S. terebinthifolia leaves (10 g) were air dried and homogenized with 0.15 M NaCl (100 mL). The resulting extract was evaluated for the effect on P. xylostella eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. M. oleifera flowers (50 g) were homogenized with distilled water (100 mL) and the extract was investigated for their effect on S. zeamais adults. The S. terebinthifolia leaf extract caused larval mortality with LC50 values of 144.9 [127.3-170.6] and 117.4 [88.7-146.2] mg / mL for 96 and 144 h, respectively. The average time to decimate 50% (RT50) ranged from 6.9 to 6.1 days for the leaf extract from 50 to 150% (mg / ml). The leaf extract (150 mg / mL) also reduces pupae viability by 50% and has a determining effect on oviposition. The oviposition deterrent index was 63.42% and 77% for extract at 20 and 50 mg / mL, respectively, after 24 h of treatment. Leaf extract did not affect hatchability of P. xylostella eggs. A lectin (SteLL) was isolated from leaf extract using an established protocol, but its was not toxic to P. xylostella larvae. Flower extract does not promote insect mortality, however, it shows a moderate dietary determinant effect in the 0.5 to 4.5 mg/g (52.8% to 69%) and a strong 6.0 mg/g (82% food dissociation). A trypsin inhibitor isolated from the flowers of M. oleifera (MoFTI) in trypsin-agarose column by affinity chromatography caused the death of adult S. zeamais, probably due to their malnutrition. Additionally, the extract (6 a 0.5 mg/g) and MoFTI (3 mg/g) were not toxic for corn seeds, which is advantageous if these preparations are used to protect stored grains. In conclusion, S. terebintifolia leaf extract and M. oleifera flower extract represents new biomaterials with potential for population control of S. zeamais and P. xylostella.

Ectoparasites are important invertebrates that affect different animal species, including humans. Ticks and fleas, the main representants of ectoparasites, have a wide geographical distribution, and cause relevant economic and sanitary losses. In addition, may act as vectors of pathogens of medical and veterinay concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of ectoparasites of domestic animals (dogs, cats and horses) and their relationship with pathogens of importance in public health in the Microregion of Garanhuns, South Agreste, State of Pernambuco - Brazil. From January 2017 to April 2019, ectoparasites were collected from animals (cats, dogs and horses), stored in plastic vials containing 70% ethanol and then morphologically identified by using dichotomous keys. In addition, the search for pathogens was performed molecularly by PCR and sequencing. In this study were included 86 domestic animals (cats = 8; dogs = 22; horses = 56) infested with ectoparasites from urban (n = 37) and rural (n = 49) areas. Two species of fleas (Ctenocephalides canis and Ctenocephalides felis) and five tick species (Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma sculptum, Dermacentor nitens, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l.) were identified. A total of 401 specimens (344 ticks and 57 fleas; χ2 = 206.038; p = 0.0000) were collected, being 10 (2.49%), 96 (23.95%) and 295 (73.57%) obtained from cats, dogs and horses, respectively. The sequences derived from the amplicons obtained in PCR to Rickettsia spp. showed identity > 99% with Rickettsia felis sequences available in GenBank. DNA of R. felis was detected in C. felis, D. nitens and R. sanguineus s.l.. Fleas and ticks species herein reported present vectorial ability to transmit zoonotic pathogens, wich reinforce the importance of the studies of ectofauna. Therefore, preventive measures should be implemented to reduce the infestation by ectoparasites in animals and humans, and decrease the risk of infection by the pathogens for them transmitted.